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1、Non-GovernmentalOrganizationsandPovertyAlleviationinBoliviaSoniaArellano-LbpezandJamesF.PetrasABSTRACTThroughthe1980s,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)becameincreas-inglyinvolvedinimplementingdevelopmentprojectsinLatinAmerica.InBolivia,NGOshaveplayedcentralrolesineffortstoalleviat
2、ethepovertyassociatedwithstructuraladjustment,theconsolidationofneoliberaleconomicpolicies,andtheresultingreorganizationofthestate.InternationaldonorshaveshownenthusiasmforworkingthroughNGOs,particularlyintheareaofpovertyalleviation.However,itisnotclearthatNGOsaremoresuccessfulinove
3、rcomingpovertythanstateagencies.Moreimportantly,thereisevidencethatthecombinationofstatereorganizationandtheemergenceofNGOsasimplementersofdevelopmentassistancehascontributedtoundermininggrassrootsorganizationsrepresentingtheinterestsofpoorpeople.INTRODUCTIONDuringthe1980sandearly19
4、90s,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)proliferatedthroughoutLatinAmerica,andtheirroleasplannersandimplementersofdevelopmentprojectsgrewdramatically.TheeconomiccrisisaffectingLatinAmericangovernmentsisonefactorthathascon-tributedtotheexpansionofNGOs.Politicalandinstitutionalchangesa
5、ssociatedwithmajormodificationsofstatepolicieshavealsoopenednewspacesforNGOsasalternativestostateagenciesineffortstoalleviatepovertyandpromotedevelopment.Theauthoritarianismthatcharacterizedthe1970sandtheinstallationofformallydemocraticgovernmentsinthe1980shavebothcontributedtotheex
6、pansionofNGOs,ashavetheimposi-tionofstructuraladjustmentprogrammesfollowedbytheconsolidationofneo-liberaleconomicpolicies,sponsoredbytheInternationalMonetaryFund,themultilateraldevelopmentbanks,andmajorbilateraldonors.TheauthorsthankMichaelPainterforreadingandcommentingonanearlierdr
7、aftofthismanuscript.However,theyareresponsiblefortheopinionsandinterpretationpresentedhere.DevelopmentandChnngeVol.25(1994),555-568.6InstituteofSocialStudies1994.PublishedbyBlackwellPublishers,108CowleyRd,OxfordOX4lJF,UK.556SoniaArellano-LhpezandJamesF.PetrasDuringthe1970s,NGOswerec
8、onsideredinstitutio
