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1、ReVieWoFtHemontHThePenalStateinanAgeofCrisisHannaHHolleman,RobeRtW.mcCHesney,JoHnbellamyFosteR,andR.JamilJonnaAsarule,crimeandsocialprotestriseinperiodsofeconomiccrisisincapitalistsociety.Duringtimesofeconomicandsocialinstability,thewell-to-dobecomeincreas
2、inglyfearfulofthegeneralpopulation,moredisposedtoadoptharshmeasurestosafeguardtheirpositionsattheapexofthesocialpyramid.TheslowdownintheeconomicgrowthrateofU.S.capitalismbeginninginthelate1960sandearly1970s—converg-ingwiththeemergenceofradicalsocialprotest
3、aroundthesameperi-od—wasaccompaniedbyarapidriseinpublicsafetyspendingasashareofciviliangovernmentexpenditures.Sosignificantwasthisshiftthatwecanspeakofacrowdingoutofwelfarestatespending(health,education,socialservices)bypenalstatespending(lawenforcement,co
4、urts,andprisons)intheUnitedStatesduringthelastthirdofacentury.1WiththeU.S.economynowexperiencingeconomicdepression/stagnationonascalenotwitnessedsincethe1930s,theviciouscircleofslowgrowth/expandinginequalityontheonehand,andincreasingstaterepressionofthewor
5、kingpopulationontheother,whichhascharacterizedtheneoliberalera,isboundtoworsen—barringamajorchangeinsocialrelations.TheroleofpenalstatespendingisthereforecrucialtounderstandingthedevelopingcrisisofU.S.classsociety.theCivilianGovernment/GDPCeilingandPenalst
6、atespendingIn“ANewNewDealunderObama?”(MonthlyReview,February2009)twoofusnotedthatnon-defensegovernmentspendinghasmoreorlesshoveredaround14percentofGDPforthepastfortyyears.2HannaHHollemanisagraduatestudentinsociologyattheUniversityofOregonandafrequentcontri
7、butortoMonthlyReview.RobertW.McChesneyistheGutgsellEndowedProfessorintheDepartmentofCommunicationattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.HismostrecentbookisThePoliticalEconomyofMedia:EnduringIssues,EmergingDilemmas(MonthlyReviewPress,2008).JohnBellamyF
8、osteriseditorofMonthlyReviewandprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofOregon.HeistheauthorofTheEcologicalRevolution:MakingPeacewiththePlanet(MonthlyReviewPress,2009)amongnumerousotherworks.R.JamilJonnaisagradua
