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1、Previous Topofpage Excerptfrom:A.Esser,GeschichtederDeutschenOphthalmologischenGesellschaft.PublishedbyJ.F.Bergmann,Munich1957140years"GermanOphthalmologicalSociety"AlookbackIn1957,A.Esserdidanoutstandingjobdescribingthetimes,themoodandthepeopleofthefound
2、ingyearsinthemiddleofthelastcentury,highlightingthebeginningsofanewerainophthalmology."Themodernizationofmedicalscienceinthepreviouscentury,anditsscientificorientationemanatedfrommenwhosebackgroundwas,inpart,stillbasedonnaturalphilosophy,andwhoweredissatisf
3、iedwiththepreviousconceptandmethodofscience,andtheyenthusiasticallyembracedthenewpathintounchartedterritory.Themostprominentamongthem,JohannesMüller(1801-1858),wasaningeniousscientist,aswellasaninspiringteacherwhoattractedalargenumberofstudents.Ophthalmolog
4、ywasfurtheredbythesenewdevelopments.JohannesMüllerdidophthalmological-physiologicalresearchandestablishedthelawofspecificenergyofthesenses.Brücke,oneofthefourclosefriendsofHelmholtz,publishedhisrenowneddescriptionoftheanatomyofthehumaneyein1847,andcarriedou
5、topticalstudies.Hewasclosetosolvingtheopthalmoscopeproblem,aswasJohannesEvangelistaPurkinje,whoalreadyinthe1830'spursuedtheconditionsofilluminatingthepupilandtheophtalmoscope.Healsoobservedtheilluminatedinteriorofaneyemodel.Hewasengagedinnumerousphysiologic
6、alquestionsregardingtheeye,suchasreflectionsofthelens,theeaglefigureaswellasothersubjectivevisualphenomenathatarecausedbypressure,lightandshadow.ErnstWilhelmWeber,theoldestofthreebrotherswhowerewellknownamongscientists,andwerefollowersofthephysicalinductive
7、researchmethod(aswastheeminentKarlLudwigsomewhatlater),alsocontributedimportantresultsinthefieldofphysiologicaloptics.ThemostimportantscientistamongalltheresearcherswasHermannLudwigFerdinandvonHelmholtz(1821-1894),alsoaclosefriendofMüller’scircle.Byinventin
8、gtheophthalmoscope,hecontributedaninstrumentthatwouldchangethefieldofophthalmology,separatingtheprocessfromsurgeryanddevelopingintoanindependentscience.Itachievedanunprecedentedlevelofsuccessthatcouldn
