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1、AnCriticalAnalysisofThomasRobertMalthusIntheMalthusmagnumopusAnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation(1798).theprincipleofpopulationcanbesummarizedas"twopostulates11,''MalthusiantrapHand"twokindsofchecks".Fistofall,thetwopostulatesexpressthatfoodistheessentialresourceforhumanlife;thepassionbetwe
2、enthesexes,asakindofinstinctofhumanbeings,almostwillnotbechanged.Secondly,theMalthusiantrapassertsthatfoodsupplyissubjecttoalineargrowthmodel,butpopulationgrowthfollowsageometricpattern.Inordertorespondtothosecontradictionsabove,Malthusclarifiestwokindsofchecks:positivechecks,whichraiseth
3、edeathrate;andpreventivechecks,whichlowerthebirthrate.Positivechecksincludehunger,diseaseandwar;preventivechecksincludeabortion,birthcontrol,prostitution,postponementofmarriageandcelibacy[l].However,Malthuslaterarguesthatpositivechecksshouldbeadvocatinghealthypregnancyandscientificnurture
4、basedonpreventivechecks,insteadofimmorallyincreasingthedeathrate.Hisprincipleofpopulationwasgenerallyacceptedandunderstoodbysocietyaftertheglobalpopulationboominthelatetwentiethcentury.Thus,IwillexaminethecontributionsofThomasRobertMalthusinacriticalway.BeforeMalthustherewerenotanyeconomi
5、canalystsordemographerstoinvestigatethemutualinfluencebetweenpopulationgrowthandeconomicdevelopment.Malthusproposesthatthereisaninverserelationshipbetweenpopulationchangeandeconomicgrowth・Excessivepopulationgrowthwillleadtoeconomicdecline;theeconomicdownturncanleadtopopulationreduction.Th
6、en,theeconomyandthepopulationwillfallintoacirculation,whichissimilartotheHcobwebmodel"condition.Thiscirculationcanleadtheeconomyandthepopulationgrowthtoarriveatabalance.Therefore,Malthuscontributestoestablishingtheprototypeofpopulationeconomics.AnotherprominentcontributionofMalthusisthath
7、edrawsouttheconsumingfactorfrommanyfactorsaffectingpopulation,inhisearlylife.Hebelievesthatconsumptionwillbecomethebiggestproblemwithfuturepopulationincrease.Thus,Malthusadvocates''effectiveconsumption'whichisthecornerstoneofhislatertheoryofpopulation.Later,heargue
