资源描述：
《黑死病研究Black Death migration》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、BlackDeathmigrationPlaqueinWeymouth,EnglandTheplaguedisease,or BlackDeath,causedby Yersiniapestis,is enzootic (commonlypresent)inpopulationsofground rodents in CentralAsia.[1] reportedtheoriginoftheplaguebacillustobeinChina.[1] Anoldertheoryplacesthefirs
2、tcasesinthe steppes ofCentralAsia,andothers,suchasthehistorianMichaelW.Dols,arguethatthehistoricalevidenceconcerningepidemicsintheMediterraneanandspecificallythe PlagueofJustinian pointtoaprobabilitythattheBlackDeathoriginatedinAfricaandspreadtoCentralAs
3、ia,whereitthenbecameentrenchedamongtherodentpopulation.[2] Nevertheless,fromCentralAsiaitwascarriedeastandwestalongthe SilkRoad,by Mongol armiesandtradersmakinguseoftheopportunitiesoffreepassagewithinthe MongolEmpire offeredbythe PaxMongolica.Itwasreport
4、edlyfirstintroducedtoEuropeatthetradingcityof Caffa inthe Crimeain1347.Afteraprotractedsiege,duringwhichtheMongolarmyunder JaniBeg wassufferingthedisease,theycatapultedtheinfectedcorpsesoverthecitywallstoinfecttheinhabitants.The Genoese tradersfled,bring
5、ingtheplaguebyshipintoSicilyandthesouthofEurope,whenceitspread.[3] Whetherornotthishypothesisisaccurate,itisclearthatseveralpreexistingconditionssuchas war, famine,andweathercontributedtotheseverityoftheBlackDeath.InChina,the13thcentury Mongolconquest di
6、sruptedfarmingandtrading,andledtowidespreadfamine.Thepopulationdroppedfromapproximately120to60 million.[4] The14thcenturyplagueisestimatedtohavekilled1/3ofthepopulationofChina.[5]InEurope,the MedievalWarmPeriod endedsometimetowardstheendofthe13thcentury,
7、bringingharsherwintersandreducedharvests.Intheyears1315to1317acatastrophic famine,knownasthe GreatFamine,struckmuchof North-WestEurope.Thefaminecameaboutastheresultofalargepopulationgrowthinthepreviouscenturies,withtheresultthat,intheearly14thcenturythep
8、opulationbegantoexceedthenumberthatcouldbesustainedbyproductivecapacityofthelandandfarmers.[6]InNorthernEurope,newtechnologicalinnovationssuchastheheavyploughandthe three-fieldsystem werenotaseffectiveinclearingnewfieldsfo
