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1、BlackDeathmigrationTHE"BLACKDEATH"ENTEREDENGLANDIN1348THROUGHTHISPORT.ITKILLED30-50%OFTHECOUNTRY，STOTALPOPULATIONPlaqueinWeymouth,EnglandTheplaguedisease,orBlackDeath,causedbyYersiniapestis,isenzootic(commonlypresent)inpopulationsofgroundrodentsinCentralAsiaP
2、reportedtheoriginoftheplaguebacillustobeinChina.mAnoldertheoryplacesthefirstcasesinthesteppesofCentralAsia,andothers,suchasthehistorianMichaelW.Dols,arguethatthehistoricalevidenceconcerningepidemicsintheMediterraneanandspecificallythePlagueofJustinianpointtoa
3、probabilitythattheBlackDeathoriginatedinAfricaandspreadtoCentralAsia,whereitthenbecameentrenchedamongtherodentpopulation.121Nevertheless,fromCentralAsiaitwascarriedeastandwestalongtheSilkRoachbyMongolarmiesandtradersmakinguseoftheopportunitiesoffreepassagewit
4、hintheMongolEmpireofferedbythePaxMongolica.ItwasreportedlyfirstintroducedtoEuropeatthetradingcityofCaffaintheCrimeain1347.Afteraprotractedsiege,duringwhichtheMongolarmyunderJaniBegwassufferingthedisease,theycatapultedtheinfectedcorpsesoverthecitywallstoinfect
5、theinhabitants.TheGenoesetradersfled,bringingtheplaguebyshipintoSicilyandthesouthofEurope,whenceitspread.Whetherornotthishypothesisisaccurate,itisclearthatseveralpreexistingconditionssuchaswar,famine,andweathercontributedtotheseverityoftheBlackDeath.InChina,t
6、he13thcenturvMongolconquestdisruptedfarmingandtrading,andledtowidespreadfamine.Thepopulationdroppedfromapproximately120to60million.141The14thcenturyplagueisestimatedtohavekilled1/3ofthepopulationofChina.四InEurope,theMedievalWarmPeriodendedsometimetowardstheen
7、dofthe13thcentury,bringingharsherwintersandreducedharvests.Intheyears1315to1317acatastrophicfamine,knownastheGreatFamine,struckmuchofNorth-WestEurope.Thefaminecameaboutastheresultofalargepopulationgrowthinthepreviouscenturies,withtheresultthat,intheearly14thc
8、enturythepopulationbegantoexceedthenumberthatcouldbesustainedbyproductivecapacityofthelandandfarmers•胆InNorthernEurope,newtechnologicalinnovationssuchastheheavyploughandthethree-fieldsyst
