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1、Chapter8TheCentralScience8.1IntroductionChemistry,thelinkbetweenearthandlifesciences,isoftenconsideredasTheCentralScience.Thisdescriptionisequallyappropriateinthereductionisthierarchyofknowledge,whichrangesfromphilosophythroughmathemat-ics,physics,chem
2、istryandbiology,towardsthebehaviouralsciences.Thecommonprinciplesthatemergeintheperiodicarrangementofmatter,asanumericalfunctionofeithernucleonsorelectrons,inthenatureofcova-lentinteraction,inbotanicalphyllotaxisandintheobservedgapsoftheasteroidbelt,su
3、ggestacentralroleforchemistryinanevenmorefundamen-talway.Thegoldenratio,FibonaccinumbersandFareysequencesfeatureprominentlyinalloftheseconstructs.Shouldthesamegeometricalprincipledecidetheplanetarystructureofthesolarsystemandthestructureofspiralgalaxie
4、s,auniversalself-similaritymediatedbythesymmetryofspace-timecouldbeinferred.TheparallelwhichwasdrawnbyNagaokabetweentheringsofSaturnandatomicstructureisbasedonsuchself-similarity.AlthoughtheSaturnianringsystemisstabilizedbygravitation,withangularmoment
5、um,andtheatom,whichisstabilizedelectrodynamically,hasnoangularmomentum,thestructuraldifferenceisoneofdimensiononly.Inordertoquenchtheorbitalangularmomentum,electronicringsarerequiredtobespherical.Thereissufficientevidence[100]thatgalacticspiralsandnautilu
6、sshells,asinFigure8.1,havethesamegeometryasthegoldenlogarithmicspiral.Itisthereforeonlythestructureofthesolarsystemthatpreventsextrapolationfromthesub-atomictothegalacticscale.However,knowingthat[101]′′themeanmotionsofanumberofbodiesinthesolarsystemhav
7、ebeenfoundtobecommensuratetoaremarkabledegree,quitebeyondtheprobabilityof261262CHAPTER8.THECENTRALSCIENCEFigure8.1:WhirlpoolgalaxyM51(CourtesyHubbleHeritageTeam,ESA,NASA)andafossilshellwiththesamespiralstructureastheproposeddis-tributionofmatterintheso
8、larsystematthetimeofplanetformationaccidentalcommensurability′′,theplanetarysystemshouldbere-examinedforself-similarstructure.8.2TheSolarSystemIthasbeenknownsince1772thattheplanetsorbitthesunatnon-randomdistances,specified,inastronomical
