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1、Chapter14ComputationalModelingofFormingProcessesD.PericandD.R.J.Owen´UniversityofWales,Swansea,UKawareness,enhancedmaturityofcomputationalmodels1Introduction461andassociatedalgorithmsand,moreimportantly,dramatic2ContinuumConstitutiveModeling462increasesincomputationalpower/costratios.Inparticular
2、,majoradvanceshavebeenrealizedinthe3ImplicitFiniteElementSolutionStrategy469developmentoffiniteelementbasedtoolsforthesimula-4ContactFrictionModeling471tionofawiderangeofindustrialformingprocesses.The5ElementTechnology476useofcommercialsoftwarepackagesinthedesignand6RefinedConstitutiveModelsforInel
3、asticoptimizationofsuchprocessesisnowregardedasastan-SolidsatFiniteStrains481dardprocedure,particularlyinhighlycompetitivesectors7ThermomechanicalCoupling484ofmanufacturingindustry.Thewidespreadacceptanceof8AdaptiveStrategiesforNonlinearProblems485suchmethodsstem,essentially,fromtheirknownability
4、9ExplicitSolutionStrategies491topredictdeformedshapes(includingpossiblemanufac-10ThinSheetFormingOperations495turingdefects),forcesinvolvedintheprocessaswellasstatesofresidualstressesandinelasticstrains.Such11BulkFormingOperations496predictions,whichcanbeusuallyobtainedthroughrela-12MetalCuttingO
5、perations502tivelyinexpensivenumericalsimulations,areofconsid-13ConcludingRemarks506erableassistancetothedesignerofformingoperations,Acknowledgments507allowinganoptimizationofprocessparametersandman-Note507ufacturedproductpropertiesaswellassignificantlyreduc-References507ingconception-to-productio
6、ntimes.Despitesuchadvances,FurtherReading510severalissuesstillremainopen,suchasthemodelingofmaterialfailurethatmayresultfromthegradualinternalmicrostructuraldeteriorationassociatedwithhighstrain-ing,andthegeneraltopicremainsafruitfulareaforfuture1INTRODUCTIONresearch.Overthetwolastdecadesorso,the
7、rehasbeencon-Computationalproceduresbasedonthefiniteelementsiderableadvancementinseveralareasoffiniteelementmethodarenowwellestablishedinmanybranchesofengi-neeringandscience,forlinearandnonlinearapplications.research,inp
