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《托福 GRE 满分作文附带重点 Issue 138》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、Issue138:Aremistakesnecessaryfordiscoveryorprogress?‘Onlythroughmistakescantherebediscoveryorprogress.’Thespeakercontendsthatdiscoveryandprogressaremadeonlythroughmistakes.Istronglyagreewiththiscontention,fortworeasons.First,itaccordswithourpersonalexperiences.Secondly,history
2、informsusthatonasocietalleveltrialanderrorprovidestheveryfoundationfordiscoveryandtrueprogress,inallrealmsofhumanendeavor.Tobeginwith,thecontentionaccordswithoureverydayexperienceashumansfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.Asinfantswelearnhowtowalkbyfallingdownagainandagain.Asa
3、dolescentswediscoveroursocialniche(functionorpositionwithinacommunity),anddevelopself-confidenceandassertiveness.Throughfailedrelationshipsnotonlydowediscoverwhoweareandarenotcompatiblewith,wealsodiscoverourselvesintheprocess.And,mostofusfindthecareerpaththatsuitsusonlythrough
4、tryingjobsthatdon’t.Thissameprinciplealsoappliesonasocietallevel.Consider,forexample,howweprogressinourscientificknowledge.Ourscientificmethodisessentiallyacallforprogressthroughtrialanderror.Anynewtheorymustbetestedbyempiricalobservation,andmustwithstandrigorousscientificscru
5、tiny.Moreover,thehistoryoftheoreticalscienceisessentiallyahistoryoftrialanderror.Onemodernexampleinvolvestwocontrarytheoriesofphysics:wavetheoryandquantumtheory.Duringthelastquarter-centuryscientistshavebeenstrugglingtodisproveoneortheother-ortoreconcilethem.Asitturnsout,anews
6、o-calledstringtheoryshowsthatthequantumandwavetheoriesaremistakesinthesensethateachoneisinadequatetoexplainthebehaviorofallmatter;yetbothsocalledmistakeswerenecessaryforphysicstoadvance,orprogress,tothisnewertheory.Thevalueoftrialanderrorisnotlimitedtothesciences.Ingovernmenta
7、ndpolitics,progressusuallycomesaboutthroughdissension(disagreement)andchallenge-thatis,whenpeoplepointoutthemistakesofthoseinpower.Infact,withoutourchallengingthemistakennotionsofestablishedinstitutions,politicaloppressionandtyrannywouldgounchecked.Similarly,inthefieldsofcivil
8、andcriminallaw,juristsandlegislatorswhoupholdanddefendlegalpr
