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1、第一单元1Designfeaturesoflanguage:arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement.2.Functionsoflanguage:Informative,Interpersonal(人际-),Performative施为-,Emotive,Phaticcommunion寒暄语,Recreational,Metalinguistic元语言功能3Mainbranchesoflinguistics:Phonetics(speechsoun
2、ds)语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology:(words)形态学/Syntax:(structuresofsentences)句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Importantdistinctioninlinguistics:Descriptive(native)vsprescriptive/Synchronic共时&di
3、achronicstudies历时/Languevsparole/Competencevsperformance~运用/第二单元1Phoneticsdivisions:Articulatoryphonetics/Acousticphonetics/Auditoryphonetics2trachea气管/vocalfolds(cords)声带:/glottis声/epiglottis会厌/hardpalate硬颚/velum软颚/uvula小舌/alveolarridge齿/labium唇/lary
4、nx喉/pharynx咽3obstructionoftheairstreamintheproductionof-4IPA/stop(plosive)爆破音nasal鼻音fricative摩擦音affricate破擦音bilabial唇音labio-dental唇齿音alveolar齿龈音velar软腭音uvular小舌音RP标准发音GA通用美国英语coarticulation协同发音aspirated送气音phoneme音位minimalpairs最小对立体allophone音位变体assimil
5、ation同化unvoiced清音epenthesissyllablestructure音节结构open/closedsyllable开音节stress重音intonation语调tone音调Consonants1)Mannersofarticulation:stop/fricative…2)Placesofarticulation/bilabial,dental,alveolar…3)Voicing:voicedvsvoicelessorunvoiced4)Nasalvsoral:/m/,/n/
6、,/ŋ/vsotherconsonants5)Lateralvscentral:/l/Vowelsisproducedwithoutobstructionofairinthepronunciationofvowels1)Thepartofthetonguethatisraised:front/i:/,central/ə/,back/ɑ/2)Theheightofthetongue:high,mid,low;closed/i:/,halfclosed/e/,halfopen/ε/,open/a/3)
7、Thedegreeofliprounding:rounded/u:/,unrounded/i:/4)Monophthongvsdiphthongorpurevowelsvsglidings:/a/,/au/5)Longvsshortvowelsortensevslaxvowels:/i:/,/I/3WORD--Open/Closed-class封闭/开放类词wordswhosemembershipisfixed(infinite)or(un)limited--Wordclasses分类:categ
8、oriesofwordsclassifiedaccordingtotheirgrammatical,semantic,phonologicalpropertiesoronthebasisofformalsimilaritiesintermsofinflectionsanddistribution:interjections!Article冠词/Newwordclassesidentified:Particles小品词(to,not,subordinateelementinphras