语义学初探-传统语言学

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1、语义学初探------从传统语言学的角度本次课的主要内容介绍几种传统的语义观词汇意义句子意义传统语义学有关词汇分析的方法1.Whatissemantics?SimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaningNoagreementamonglinguistsPhilosophers,psychologists,andsociologistsallclaimadeepinterestphilosophersareinterestedinunderstandingtherelationsbetweenlinguisticexpressionsandwhattheyrefertoi

2、ntherealworld,andinevaluatingthetruthvalueoflinguisticexpressions;psychologistsfocustheirinterestonunderstandingtheworkingsofthehumanmindthroughlanguage.2.Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning2.1thenamingtheory(命名论)thewords(orlinguisticforms,symbols)usedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheyst

3、andfor,therefore,wordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Limitations:a.applicabletonounsonly;b.withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworldatallsuchasghost,dragon,andalsonounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjects,butabstractnotionssuchasjoy,impulseetc.c.explanationofco

4、nceptDESK.“指称论”(referentialtheory)对于说明具体事物或事件的意义是有一定道理的，特别对于人类初民来说，语言主要是为了指称外物或有关动作的，但难以解释抽象名词或不存在的事物，也难以说明形容词、介词、连接词等词语的意义。有时一个词可指称多个对象，多个词又可指称同一对象，这就给指称论带来了困惑。2.2theconceptualistview(观念论)THOUGHT/REFERENCE(concept)…………………………………………………………………..SYMBOL/FORM(word)REFERENT(thing)thereisnodirectlinkbetw

5、eenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.,betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.LimitationThistheoryavoidsmanyoftheproblemsthenamingtheoryhasencountered,butitalsoraisesacompletelynewproblemofitsown.Forwhatispreciselyt

6、helinkbetweenthesymbolandtheconceptremainsunclarified.“观念论”是Frege在批判指称论的基础上提出来的，认为在词语和事物之间还存在一个“涵意”(sense)或“观念”(concept)，从而开启了关注三元要素的语义研究方向，这就是我们常说的“语义三角”(semantictriangle)。该理论的问题是，我们在使用词语时头脑中不一定会呈现什么“观念”，而可能仅是一个简单的“指称行为”；“观念”本身就是一个虚幻莫测的东西，又何以用来界定意义？Frege所说的sense具有客观性、镜像性，完全忽视了人的主观因素，因而认知语言学家将其划归

7、为“客观主义”，并对之作出了严厉批判。2.3contextualismBackground:Duringtheperiodroughlyfrom1930to1960,linguistsgavepreeminencetotheempiricalorobservableaspectinsteadofthetheoreticalaspectintheirscientificinvestigationofmeaning.Thistenden