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2013英语二Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.___1___,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionsofsuchasocietyhavebeen___2___fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpayment“wouldsoonrevolutionizethevery___3___ofmoneyitself,”onlyto___4___itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso___5___incoming?Althoughe-moneymightbemoreconvenientandmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork__6___thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First,itisvery___7___tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe___8___formofpayment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey___9___receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto___10___.Third,theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays___11___acheckiscashedandfundsare___12___fromtheissuer'saccount,whichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcanearninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.___13___electronicpaymentsareimmediate;theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,electronicmeansofpayment___14___securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation___15___there.Becausethisisnotan___16___occurrence,unscrupulouspersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand___17___fundsbymovingthemfromsomeoneelse’saccountsintotheirown.The___18___ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andawholenewfieldofcomputersciencehasdevelopedto___19___securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic___20___thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldataonbuyinghabits.Thereareworriesthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata,therebyencroachingonourprivacy.1.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on7.[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print10.[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D] return18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification19.[A]copewith[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto[D]callfor20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trailText1Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestoday,”amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.”Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob，couldearnanaveragelifestyle,But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenaacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,”Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared.Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation.21.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate_______[A]theimpactoftechnologicaladvances[B]thealleviationofjobpressure[C]theshrinkageoftextilemills[D]thedeclineofmiddle-classincomes22.AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto______[A]workoncheapsoftware[B]askforamoderatesalary[C]adoptanaveragelifestyle[D]contributesomethingunique23.ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat ______[A]gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerased[B]jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeed[C]factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbefore[D]newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered24.Accordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis_____[A]toacceleratetheI.T.revolution[B]toensuremoreeducationforpeople[C]toadvanceeconomicglobalization[D]topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?[A]NewLawTakesEffect[B]TechnologyGoesCheap[C]AverageIsOver[D]RecessionIsBadText2Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludesettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,and7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,“uccellidipassaggio,”birdsofpassage.Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem,Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicof rightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.26“Birdsofpassage”referstothosewho____[A]immigrateacrosstheAtlantic.[B]leavetheirhomecountriesforgood.[C]stayinaforeigntemporarily.[D]findpermanentjobsoverseas.27Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheUS____[A]needsnewimmigrantcategories.[B]hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants.[C]shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges.[D]hasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans.28Accordingtotheauthor,today’sbirdsofpassagewant___[A]financialincentives.[B]aglobalrecognition.[C]opportunitiestogetregularjobs.[D]thefreedomtostayandleave.29Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated__[A]asfaithfulpartners.[B]witheconomicfavors.[C]withregaltolerance.[D]asmightyrivals.30whichisthemosttitle?[A]comeandgo:bigmistake.[B]livingandthriving:greatrisk.[C]withorwithout:greatrisk.[D]legalorillegal:bigmistake.Text3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoing,Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelyto rejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners.JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly“thinslice”informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin“thicksliced”long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodays,nottwoseconds.Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.31.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay____.[A]varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation[B]provethecomplexityofourbrainreaction[C]dependontheimportanceoftheassessment[D]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment32.Ourreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdecisions____.[A]canbeassociative[B]arenotunconscious[C]canbedangerous[D]arenotimpulsive33.Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould____.[A]trustourfirstimpression[B]doaspeopleusuallydo[C]thinkbeforeweact[D]askforexpertadvice34.JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionarebasedon____.[A]Criticalassessment[B]‘‘thinsliced’’study[C]sensibleexplanation[D]adequateinformation35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis____.[A]Tolerant[B]uncertain[C]optimistic[D]doubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily—friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisions,andEurope’stopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.indeed,womenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropecorporateboards.TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen-upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.Lastyear,EuropeCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.Doweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporate Ladderfairyastheybalanceworkandfamily?”Personally,Idon’tlikequotas,”Redingsaidrecently.“Butilikewhatthequotasdo.”Quotasgetaction:they“openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceiling,”accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.IunderstandReding’sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon’tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governmentbythecapable.Bur,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuch“softpressure”isputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower--as,forexample,SherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule.Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen---whetherCEOsortheirchildren’scaregivers--andallfamilies,Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety.36.IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally_____.[A]Womentakethelead[B]menhavethefinalsay[C]corporategovernanceisoverwhelmed[D]seniormanagementisfamily-friendly37.TheEuropeanUnion’sintendedlegislationis________.[A]areflectionofgenderbalance[B]areluctantchoice[C]aresponsetoReding’scall[D]avoluntaryaction38.AccordingtoReding,quotasmayhelpwomen______.[A]gettopbusinesspositions[B]seethroughtheglassceiling[C]balanceworkandfamily[D]anticipatelegalresults39.Theauthor’sattitudetowardReding’sappealisoneof_________.[A]skepticism[B]objectiveness[C]indifference[D]approval40.Womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof____[A]moresocialjustice[B]massivemediaattention[C]suitablepublicpolicies[D]greater“softpressure”PartB[A]Livelikeapeasant[B]Balanceyourdiet[C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends[D]Remembertotreatyourself[E]Sticktowhatyouneed[F]Planningiseverything[G]Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbestrestaurants'" atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here'shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human;you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that'snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooff'willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,they'llletyouhaveforfree.45__________________Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-£1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou£21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It's£16.95there-or£12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.SectionIIITranslationIcanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek,I’vebeenabletodothis,sinceIwas four.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.Mymindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.WhenIthinkofasadmemory,Idowhateverybodydoes-trytoputittooneside.Idon’tthinkit’sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.Powerfulmemorydoesn’tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.IcanrecallthedaymygrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalthedayoftheweekthedayoftheweekdaybefore.IalsorememberthatthemusicalplayHairopenedonBroadwayonthesameday-theybothjustpopintomymindinthesameway.SectionIVWriting47.Supposeyourclassistoholdacharitysalefoekidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto1)informthemaboutthedetailsandencouragethemtoparticipate.2)Don’tuseyourownname,use“LiMing”instead.Don’twriteyouraddress.(10points)48writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechartand2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET  2012英语二真题Section1UseofEnglishMillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho  1  inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe 2)mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3) alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe 4)offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid ,5) anaverageguy,up6 )thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies.Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation 7) GovernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticle 8) tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever9)ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas 10)hadapresidentorvice-presidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.GI.joehada(11)careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacter,ora(12)ofAmericanpersonalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI.JoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle(13)portrayedthemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe(14)sideofthewall,writingaboutthedirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymileswere(15)orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated,Hisreports(16)the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen(17)thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the(18)ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,(20)themostimportantpersonintheirlives.1.[A]performed      [B]served    [C]rebelled    [D]betrayed2.[A]actual        [B]common    [C]special      [D]normal3.[A]bore        [B]cased        [C]removed      [D]loaded4.[A]necessities  [B]facilities      [C]commodities    [D]properties5.[A]and        [B]nor          [C]but          [D]hence6.[A]for        [B]into        [C]form        [D]against7.[A]meaning    [B]implying      [C]symbolizing    [D]claiming8.[A]handedout    [B]turnover      [C]broughtback    [D]passeddown9.[A]pushed      [B]got          [C]made        [D]managed10.[A]ever        [B]never        [C]either        [D]neither11.[A]disguised    [B]disturbed      [C]disputed      [D]distinguished12.[A]company    [B]collection      [C]community    [D]colony13.[A]employed    [B]appointed    [C]interviewed    [D]questioned14.[A]ethical      [B]military      [C]political      [D]human15.[A]ruined      [B]commuted    [C]patrolled      [D]gained16.[A]paralleled    [B]counteracted    [C]duplicated      [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected    [B]avoided      [C]emphasized    [D]admired18.[A]stages      [B]illusions      [C]fragments    [D]advances19.[A]With        [B]To          [C]Among      [D]Beyond20.[A]onthecontrary  [B]bythismeans  [C]fromtheoutset  [D]atthatpoint SectionIIText1Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseducationalritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.Butthepolicyisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapatofschooling:teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandseeveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkhelped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.Ifthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifhomeworkdoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudentsarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1that  nowadayshomework_____.[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[B]isnolongeraneducationalritual[C]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D]isgainingmorepreferences22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents_____.[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay____.[A]discouragestudentsfromdoinghomework[B]resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards[C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers'powerineducation24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswhether [A]itshouldbeeliminated[B]itcountsmuchinschooling[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantforgrades25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe______.[A]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]AFaultyApproachtoHomeworkText2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolor,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolizedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealizedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokin’s,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehavior:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularizedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounseleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreate“thirdsteppingstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Itwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.26.Bysaying"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink______.[A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence[C]cannotexplaingirls'lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests27.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolors？ [A]Colorsareencodedingirls'DNA.[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolorforgirls.[C]Pinkusedtobeanneutralcolorinsymbolizinggenders.[D]Whiteispreferredbybabies.28.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelopmentwasmuchinfluencedby_____.[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto_____.[A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D]createsomecommonshoppers'terms30.Itcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe____.[A]clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency[B]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsText3In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecadesby2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganization(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholdpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalizedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibersthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AStheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.companiesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacy,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor‘connectingthedots’,explainsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO. Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.31.ItcanbelearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike_____A.theirexecutivestobeactiveB.judgestoruleoutgenepatentingC.genestobepatentableD.theBIOtoissueawarning32.Thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat_____A.genetictestsarenotreliableB.onlyman-madeproductsarepatentableC.patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovationD.courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests33.AccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor_____A.establishingdiseasecorrelationsB.discoveringgeneinteractionsC.drawingpicturesofgenesD.identifyinghumanDNA34.Bysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthat_____A.theSupremeCourtwasauthoritativeB.theBIOwasapowerfulorganizationC.genepatentingwasagreatconcernD.lawyerswerekeentoattendconventions35.Generallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis_____A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText4Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,Itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways;theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclasses.Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem---especiallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversities catchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwithinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety’scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisrecessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlywillreshapeit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend.36.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”（Line1,Para.2）theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto____.[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovernment[B]explorereasonsfortheunemployment[C]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession37.AccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople_____.[A]realizethenationaldream[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirlifestyle38.BenjaminFriedmanbelievesthateconomicrecessionsmay_____.[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature[C]Promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms[D]easeconflictsbetweenracesandclasses39.TheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromeliteuniversitiestendto_____.[A]lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees[C]seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’[D]recovermorequicklythantheothers40.Theauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis_____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePartBReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavoritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtue(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes .Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,hechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist'spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplorers."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishthepowerofself-help,ofpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,”wroteSmiles.”whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself”HisbiographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.CommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing;itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.      [A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassical  heroes.  41.Petrarch   [B]highlightedthepublicgloryofthe  leadingartists. 42.NiccoloMachiavellli   [C]focusedonepochalfigureswhose  lives  werehardtoimitate.  43.SamuelSmiles    [D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstanding  thegreatmeninhistory.  44.ThomasCarlyle  [E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestory  ofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.     45.MarxandEngels   [F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryfor  successfulleaders.      [G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineer  industrialistsandexplorers.SectionIII  TranslationWhenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusually  concernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld,Thesearethekindofworkers  thatcountrieslikeBritain,Canada  and  Australiatrytoattractbyusingimmigration  rulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountries  areparticularlylikelytoemigrate.A  big  surveyofIndianhouseholdsin2004  foundthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-school  education,comparedwitharound3.3%ofallIndiansovertheageof25.This"brain  drain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries,Theyfearthatithurts  theireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhave  taughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.SectionIV  WritingPartA47.DirectionsSupposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyou  bought  fromanonlinestoretheotherday,Writeanemailtothecustomerservicecenterto1)makeacomplaintand2)demandapromptsolutionYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSERESHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangwei"instead.48、writeanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.Inyourwritingyoushould1)describethetable,and2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteatleast150words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查  年龄  -------满意度    满意    不清楚    不满意    小于等于40岁    16.7%    50.0%    33.3%    41-50岁    0.0%    36.0%    64.0%           大于50岁  40.0  50.0%  10.0%  2011英语二真题TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas 1 acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved 2  bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly 3  ?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta 4 tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential 7 toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto 8 afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould 9 whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense     10   bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese”singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto  11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa  13 community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith 14 ,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure 15 whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration’splanhas 16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 17 beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith 18 bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet 19 .TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe 20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1．A.swept       B.skipped      C.walked       D.ridden2．A.for         B.within       C.while        D.though 3．A.careless    B.lawless      C.pointless    D.helpless4．A.reason      B.reminder     C.compromise   D.proposal5．A.information B.interference C.entertainmentD.equivalent6．A.by          B.into         C.from         D.over7．A.linked      B.directed     C.chained      D.compared8．A.dismiss     B.discover     C.create       D.improve9．A.recall      B.suggest      C.select       D.realize10．A.relcased   B.issued       C.distributed  D.delivered11．A.carryon   B.lingeron    C.setin       D.login12．A.Invain    B.Ineffect    C.Inreturn    D.Incontrast13．A.trusted    B.modernized   C.thriving     D.competing14．A.caution    B.delight      C.confidence   D.patience15．A.on         B.after        C.beyond       D.across16．A.divided    B.disappointed C.protected    D.united17．A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18．A.skepticism B.relerance    C.indifference D.enthusiasm19．A.manageable B.defendable   C.vulnerable   D.invisible20．A.invited    B.appointed    C.allowed      D.forcedText 1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmean thatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor        .[A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe        .[A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisers23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto       .[A]becomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuits24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors        .[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis       .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegone since2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper       .[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituation27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause      .[A]readersthreatenedtopayless[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey      .[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms[C]arelessdependentonadvertising[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe        .[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStoryText 3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearned tolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“lessismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“less”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“lessismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife-fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’        .[A]prosperityandgrowth[B]efficiencyandpracticality[C]restraintandconfidence[D]prideandfaithfulness32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture. 33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign        .[A]wasrelatedtolargespace[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago’sLakeShoreDrive?[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text 4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:”Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrance governmenthavemurmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat          .[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation37.ThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers        .[A]arecompetingfortheleadingposition[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat      .[A]EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination[D]votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat__ __.［A］poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds［B］strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries［C］loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries［D］richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel__ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPartBWhowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumesofgreenhousegasesastheworld’sairlinesdo-rough2percentofallCO2emissions?Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween0.2and7.0gramsofCO2dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentersroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentersneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy。However,Googleandotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchtobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies. 2010英语二真题Directions:TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itisthefirstworldwidecpidemic__1__bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert__2__anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising__3__inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepidemicis“__4__”inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan.Theorganization’sdirectorgeneral,__5__theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery,ofteninthe__6__ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametogobal__7__inlateApril2009.whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths__8__healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto__9__inNewYorkCity.thesouthwesterUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade__10__warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas__11__fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe__12__testedarethenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas__13__morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials___14___Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan__15__ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine, whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is__16__aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose__17__doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot__18__forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother__19__.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups;healthcareworkers,people__20__infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.1.［A］criticized［B］appointed［C］commented［D］designated2.［A］proceeded［B］activated［C］followed［D］prompted3.［A］digits［B］numbers［C］amounts［D］sums4.［A］Moderatre［B］normal［C］unusual［D］extreme5.［A］With［B］in［C］from［D］by6.［A］Progress［B］absence［C］presence［D］favor7.［A］Reality［B］phenomenon［C］cincept［D］notice8.［A］Over［B］for［C］among［D］to9.［A］stayup   ［B］cropup  ［C］fillup ［D］coverup10.［A］as ［B］if［C］unless［D］until11.［A］excessive［B］enormous［C］significant［D］magnificent12.［A］categories［B］examples［C］patterns［D］samples13.［A］imparted ［B］immersed［C］injected［D］infected14.［A］released［B］relayed［C］relieved［D］remained15.［A］placing［B］delivering［C］taking［D］giving16.［A］feasible［B］available［C］reliable［D］applicable17.［A］prevalent［B］principal［C］innovative［D］initial18.［A］presented［B］restricted［C］recommended［D］introduced19.［A］problems［B］issues［C］agonies［D］sufferings20.［A］involvedin［B］caringfor  ［C］concernedwith［D］wardingoffText1Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008(seepicture).Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfrom galleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-forChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs-death,debtanddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because____.A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoriesB.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbidsC.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpiecesD.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat_____.A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctionsB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleriesC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextentD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare____A.auctionhouses'favoritesB.contemporarytrendsC.factorspromotingartworkcirculationD.stylesrepresentingimpressionists25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe___A.FluctuationofArtPricesB.Up-to-dateArtAuctionsC.ArtMarketinDeclineD.ShiftedInterestinArts Text2IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom--awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate'70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed--butonlyafewofthemen--gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear--avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawomanglaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk.26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?A.Talkingtothem.B.Trustingthem.C.Supportingtheircareers.D.Shsringhousework.27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans___.Ageneratingmotivation.B.exertinginfluenceC.causingdamageDcreatingpressure28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_______A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomenB.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversationC.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouplesDafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.B.Marriagebreak_upstemsfromsexinequalities.C.Husbandandwofehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent. 30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson______A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalkB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoonC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.DabriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHackerTxet3Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap________.[A]shouldbefurthercultivated[B]shouldbechangedgradually[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5so asto____[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople’habits[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’buyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits33.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’shabits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34.Fromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueto_____[A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments35.theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionaland orderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysysterm,welearnthat______[A]bothlitcrateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed_____[A]theinadcquavyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudges38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause_____[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.___[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem40.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson_______[A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopment CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuelBothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft.The787and350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips.aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput). Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflight.Asithappens,America’sarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated.“MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,”headds.Soheshouldknow.41.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.42.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingresistance.43.Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherplans.44.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlydefined.45.IthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarⅡ,America’sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.Translation“Sustainability”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidn’tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthe nightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’llturnthecorner,giveitsometime.’”47.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto1)Expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;2)Welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.48.Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)Interpretthechartand2)Giveyourcomments.2009年考研英语二真题SectionIIClose(10分)In1999,thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008,ithad(21)the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge(22)fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofchinaandIndiatowidespread(23)inoil-producingregions,includingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave(24)theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld,(25)someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities,(26)majorimporters—includingchinaandIndia,hometoathirdoftheworld'spopulation--(27)risingeconomicandsocialcosts.Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral(28)ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto(29)scarcesupplies,andarewillingtodealwithanygovernment,(30)howunpleasant,todoit.Inmanypoornationswithoil,theprofitsarebeing,losttocorruption,(31)thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments,(32)someinthewestseeasanewthreat.CountrieslikeRussia,VenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil33,a changereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits,(34)costs,fromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.(35)itimportsvirtuallyallitsoil,ithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia(36)128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates,asalreadyhighgaspricesrose(37)higherinthespringof2008,theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaign,withSenatorsMcCainandObama(38)forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto(39),assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems(40)thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.21.A.comeB.goneC.crossedD.arrived22.A.coveredB.discoveredC.arrangedD.ranged23.A.intensityB.infinityC.insecurityD.instability24.A.drawnB.redrawnC.retainedD.reviewed25.A.fightingB.strugglingC.challengingD.threatening26.A.andB.whileC.thusD.though27.A.confineB.conflictC.conformD.confront28.A.problemB.questionC.matterD.event29.A.lookforB.lockupC.sendoutD.keepoff30.A.nomatterB.whatifC.onlyifD.inspiteof31.A.abolishingB.deprivingC.destroyingD.eliminating32.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whom33.A.interestsB.taxesC.incomesD.revenues34.A.asmanyasB.asgoodasC.asfarasD.aswellas35.A.AlthoughB.BecauseC.SinceD.As36.A.advancedB.grewC.reducesD.multiplied37.A.evenB.stillC.ratherD.fairly38.A.askingB.requestingC.callingD.demanding39.A.changeB.turnC.shiftD.transform40.A.forB.fromC.acrossD.OverPASSAGE1.HenryIbsen,authoroftheplay“ADoll'sHouse",inwhichapretty,helplesshousewifeabandons.Herhusbandandchildrentoseekamoreseriouslife,wouldsurelyhaveapproved..FromJanuary1st,2008,allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelaw,whichwaspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsarestilltoomaleforthegovernment'sliking.TheywillshortlyreceivealetterinformingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoact,orfacethelegalconsequences---whichcouldincludebeingdissolved. Beforethelawwasproposed,about7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywerefemale,accordingtotheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.Thatisfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeorAmerica's15%fortheFortune500.Norway'sstockexchangeanditsmainbusinesslobbyopposethelaw,asdomanybusinessmen."Iamagainstquotasforwomenormenasamatterofprinciple,"saysSverreMunck,headofinternationaloperationsatamediafirm."Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosensolelyonthebasisofmeritandexperience,”besays.Severalfirmshaveevengivenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw.Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1,000womeninfouryears.Manycomplainthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseofthis,someofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach,andareknowninNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthe"goldenskirts".OnereasonforthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegiancompanies---theyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularlyhardforfirmsintheoil,technologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomenwithaenoughexperience.Somepeopleworrythattheirrelativelackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboards,andthatinturncouldmeanthatboardsmightbecomelessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.RecenthistoryinNorway,however,suggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors."Womenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheirhomework,"saysMsRekstenSkaugen,whowasvotedNorway'schairmanoftheyearfor2007,"andwecanaffordtoaskthehardquestions,becausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknowtheanswers."41.TheauthormentionsIbsen'splayinthefirstparagraphinorderto??????????.A.depictwomen'sdilemmaatworkB.explainthenewlypassedlawC.supportNorwegiangovernmentD.introducethetopicunderdiscussion42.Apubliccompanythatfailstoobeythenewlawcouldbeforcedto??????????.A.payaheavyfineB.closedownitsbusinessC.changetoaprivatebusinessD.signadocumentpromisingtoact43.TowhichofthefollowingisSverreMunckmostlikelytoagree?A.Asetratioofwomeninaboardisunreasonable.B.Areasonablequotaforwomenatworkneedstobeset.C.Acommonprincipleshouldbefollowedbyallcompanies. D.Aninexperiencedbusinessmanisnotsubjecttothenewlaw.44.Theauthorattributesthephenomenonof"goldenskirts"to???????????.A.thesmallnumberofqualifiedfemalesinmanagementB.theover-recruitmentoffemalemanagersinpubliccompaniesC.theadvantagewomenenjoywhencompetingforseniorpositionsD.thediscriminationtowardwomeninNorwegianbusinesscircles45.Themainideaofthepassagemightbe????????.A.femalepowerandliberationinNorwayB.thesignificanceofHenricIbsen'splayC.women'sstatusinNorwegianfirmsD.theconstitutionofboardmembersinNorwayPASSAGE2Whilethere'sneveragoodagetogetcancer,peopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverageageofacancerpatientatdiagnosisis67.Childrenwithcanceroftenaretreatedatpediatric(小儿科的)cancercenters,butyoungadultshaveatoughtimefindingpeers,oftensittingside-by-sideduringtreatmentswithpeoplewhocouldbetheirgrandparents.InhernewbookCrazySexyCancerTips,writerKrisCarrlooksatcancerfromtheperspectiveofayoungadultwhoconfrontsdeathjustasshe'sdiscoveringlife.Ms.Carrwas31whenshewasdiagnosedwithararefromofcancerthathadgeneratedtumorsonherliverandlungs.Ms.Carrreactedwiththenormalfeelingsofshockandsadness.Shecalledherparentsandstockeduponorganicfood,determinedtobecomea"full-timehealingaddict."Thenshepickedupthephoneandcalledeveryoneinheraddressbook,askingiftheyknewotheryoungwomenwithcancer.Theresultwasherownpersonal"cancerposse":arockconcerttourmanager,amodel,afashionmagazineeditor,acartoonistandaMTVcelebrity,tonameafew.Thisclubof?"cancerbabes"offeredsupport,adviceandfashiontips,amongotherthings.Ms.CarrputhercancerexperienceinarecentLearningChanneldocumentary,andshehaswrittenapracticalguideabouthowshecoped.Cancerisn'tfunny,butMs.Carroftenis.Sheswears,shemakesupnamesforthepeoplewhotreather(Dr.FabulousandDr.Guru),andsheevenmakessecondsoundfun("cancerroadtrips,"shecallsthem).Sheleavesthemedicaladvicetodoctors,insteadofferinginsightfulandpracticaltipsthatreflecttheworldviewofayoungadult."Irefusedtoletcancerruinmyparty,"shewrites."There arejusttoomanycoolthingstodoandplanandlivefor."Ms.Carrstillhascancer,butithasstoppedprogressing.Hercancertipsincludeusingtime-savingmasse-mailstokeepfriendsinformed,sewingorbuyingfashionablehospitalgownssoyou'renotstuckwithregulationblueorgrayandplayingGloriaGaynor's"IWillSurvive"soloudyouneighborscallthepolice.Ms.Carralsoadvisesaneyebrowwaxandanewoutfitbeforeyoutelltheimportantpeopleinyourillness."peopleyoutellaregoingtocautiousandnotsocautiouslytrytoseethecancer,sodazzletheminsteadwithyourmiracle,"shewrites.Whileheradvicemaysoundsuperficial,itgetstotheheartofwhateverycancerpatientwants:thechancetolivelifejustasshealwaysdid,andmaybebetter.46.Whichofthefollowinggroupsismorevulnerabletocancer?A.Children.B.Peopleintheir20sand30s.C.Youngadults.D.Elderlypeople.47.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT_______.A.KrisCarrisafemalewriterB.KrisCarrismorethan31-year-old.C.KrisCarrworksinacancercenter.D.KrisCarrisveryoptimistic.48.Thephrase"cancerposse"(Line4,para.3)probablyrefersto________A.acancerresearchorganizationB.agroupofpeoplewhosufferfromcancerC.peoplewhohaverecoveredfromcancerD.peoplewhocopewithcancer49.KrisCarrmakeupnamesforthepeoplewhotreatherbecause________A.sheisdepressedandlikesswearingB.sheisfunnyandlikesplayingjokesondoctorC.shewantstoleavethemedicaladvicetodoctorD.shetriestoleaveagoodimpressionondoctor50.FromKrisCarr'scancertipswemayinferthat________A.shelearnedtousee-mailsaftershegotcancerB.shewearsfashionabledressevenaftersufferingfromcancerC.hospitalgownsforcancerpatientsareusuallynotinbrightcolorsD.theneighborsareveryfriendlywithcancerpatientsPASSAGE3Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedorfeared?Thisquestion,famouslyposedbyMachiavelli,liesattheheartofJosephNye'snewbook.Mr.Nye,aformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolofMovementatHarvardandone-timechairmanofAmerica'sNationalIntelligenceCouncil,isbest knownforpromotingtheideaof"softpower”,basedonpersuasionandinfluence,asacounterpointto"hardpower”,basedoncoercion(强迫)andforce.Havinganalyzedtheuseofsoftandhardpowerinpoliticsanddiplomacyinhispreviousbooks,Mr.Nyehasnowturnedhisattentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadership,inboththepoliticalandbusinessspheres.Machiavelli,henotes,concludedthat"oneoughttobebothfearedandloved,butasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether,itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved.”Inshort,hardpowerispreferabletosoftpower.Butmodemleadershiptheoristshavecometotheoppositeconclusion.Thecontextofleadershipischanging,theobserve,andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmodemcompaniesanddemocracies,powerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditionalhierarchies(等级制)arebeingundermined,makingsoftpowerevermoreimportant.Butthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasion.Mr.Nyeargues.Instead,headvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.TheconclusionofThePowerstoLead,hissurveyofthetheoryofleadership,isthatacombinationofhardandsoftpower,whichhecalls”smartpower”,isthebestapproach.Thedominanttheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthemomentis,apparently,the“transformationalleadershippattern”.Anyoneallergic(反感)tomanagementtermwillalreadyberunningfortheexit,butMr,Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevariousacademicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingle,slimvolume.Heexaminesdifferentapproachestoleadership,themoralityofleadershipandhowthewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.Thereareplentyofanecdotesandexamples,bothhistoricalandcontemporary,politicalandcorporate.Alsa,leadershipisaslipperysubject,andashedepictsvarioustheories,evenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejellytothewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsofleadershipinparticular,thequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryforgoodleaders?tolie-andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhisconclusions.Aresumingthemeisthatascircumstanceschange,differentsortsofleadersarerequired;aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystruggleinanother,andviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthatleadershipoffersnocaysanswers.51.FromthefirsttwoparagraphswemaylearnthanMr.Machiavelli'sideaofhardpoweris A.wellacceptedbyJosephNyeB.veryinfluentialtillnowadaysC.basedonsoundtheoriesD.contrarytothatofmodemleadershiptheorists52.WhichofthefollowingmakessoftpowermoreimportanttodayaccordingtoMr.Nye?A.Coercioniswidespread.B.Moralityisdevalued.C.Powerisnolongerconcentrated.D.Traditionalhierarchiesarestrengthened53.InhisbookthePowerstolead,Mr.NyehasexminedallthefollowingaspectsofleadershipEXCEPT_____.A.authorityB.contextC.approachesD.morality54.Mr.Nye'sbookisparticularlyvaluableinthatit_____.A.makeslittleuseofmanagementtermsB.summarizesvariousstudiesconciselyC.servesasanexitforleadershipresearchersD.setsamodelforcontemporarycorporateleaders55.Accordingtotheauthor,themostinterestingpartofMr.Nye'sbookliesinhis_____.A.viewofchangeableleadershipB.definitionofgoodleadershipC.summaryofleadershiphistoryD.discussionofmoralleadershipPASSAGE4Americansdon'tliketolosewars.Ofcourse,alotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris.Thereareshootingwars-thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage-andthosearethekindatwhichtheU.Sexcels.Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiestoo.WhatelsewastheGreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroads?IfAmericanindulgeinabitofflag—whenthejobisdone,theyearnedit.Nowthereisasimilarchallenge.Globalwarming.Thesteadydeterioration(恶化)oftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarofthefirstorder,andbyanymeasure,theU.S.producesnearlyaquarteroftheworld'sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeitclearthatitdoesn'tintendtodoawholelotaboutit.Although174nationsapprovedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevels,theU.S.walkedawayfromthem.Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbsorpoweringcarswithhydrogen.Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotismasoneofitscorevalues,theU.S.istakingapassonwhatmightbethemostpatrioticstruggleofall.It'shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthesurvivalofacountry'scoastsandfarms,thehealthofitspeopleandstabilityofitseconomy.Therubis,ifthevastmajorityofpeopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobal emergency,there'sfarlessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitspans,whichtoooftenwouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirs,whichtoooftenamounttonativewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerican'sgrowth.Butlet'sassumethatthoseinterestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbentthetableandwillalwaysdemandthattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldanaggressive,ambitious,effectiveplanlooklike-onethatwouldleavetheU.S.bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysound?Haltingclimatechangewillbefarharder.Oneofthemoreconservativeplansforaddressingtheproblemcallsforareductionof25billiontonsofcarbonemissionsoverthenext52year.Andyetbydevisingaconsistentstrategythatmixesandblendspragmatism(实用主义)withambition,theU.S.can,withoutmajordamagetotheeconomy,helphalttheworsteffectsofclimatechangeandensurethesurvivalofitswayoflifeforfuturegenerations.Moneywilldosomeofthework,butwhat'sneededmostiswill."I'mnotsayingthechallengeisn'talmostoverwhelming,"saysFredKrupp."ButthisisAmerica,andAmericahasrisentothesechallengesbefore."56.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Humanwars.B.Economiccrisis.C.America'senvironmentalpolicies.D.Globalenvironmentingeneral.57.Fromthelastsentenceofparagraph2wemaylearnthatthesurvivalofacountry'scoastsandfarms,thehealthofitspeopleandthestabilityofitseconomyis__________.A.ofutmostimportanceB.afightnoonecanwinC.beyondpeople'simaginationD.alesssignificantissue58.Judgingfromthecontext,theword"rub"(Line1,Para.3)probablymeans_______.A.frictionB.contradictionC.conflictD.problem59.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardAmerica'spoliciesonglobalwarming?A.CriticalB.IndifferentC.SupportiveD.Compromising60.Theparagraphsimmediatelyfollowingthispassagewouldmostprobablydealwith___________.A.thenewbookwrittenbyFredKruppB.howAmericacanfightagainstglobalwarmingC.theharmfuleffectsofglobalwarmingD.howAmericacantideovereconomiccrisisPartVWriting(20%)Direction:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowinginformation. Makecommentsandexpressyourownopinion.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsonAnswerSheet2.Atpresent,thereisnodoubtthatshortmessageplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinourlives.Weareallawarethat,likeeverythingelse,shortmessagehavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generallyspeaking,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Firstofall,infestivals,wecansendshortmessagestowishgoodlucktootherpeopleweknow.Itbringsusalotofconvenience.Inaddition,shortmessageconnectsitsuserswiththeoutsideworld.Forexample,somepeoplesubscribeweatherforecastornewsshortmessages,withthem,people’slifewillbegreatlyenriched.Butitispitythateverycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesofshortmessagecan’tbeignored.Wespendtoomuchtimeonspellingourwordsandsendingshortmessagesthatwecan’tfocusonourstudies.Also,youwillalwaysbeannoyedbystrangers’shortmessagesoneafteranother.Asisknowntoall,shortmessageisneithergoodnorbaditself.Inmyopinion,wecanuseit.Butweshouldn’tspendtoomuchtimeonitanddon’tletitdisturbusfromourlives.2007英语二PartVTranslation(30minutes,10points)Gettingaproperamountofrestisabsolutelyessentialforbuildingyourenergyresources.Ifyoufrequentlyworkfarintothenightorhaveapoorsleep,itstandstoreasonthatyoumaystarttofeelalittlerundown.Thougheverybodyisdifferent,mostpeopleneedatleastseventoeighthoursofsleeppernightinordertofunctionattheirbest.Ifyouhavebeenlackingenergy,trygoingtobedearlieratnight.Ifyoucanwakeupfeelingwell-rested,itwillbeanindicationthatyouarestartingtogetanappropriateamountofsleepatnight.Ifyousleepmorethaneighthourseverynightbutstilldon'tfeelenergetic,youmayactuallybegettingtoomuchsleep.Onceinwhile,youareboundtohavenightswhereyoudon'tgetanadequateamountofsleep.Whenyourschedulepermitsyoucanalsoconsidertakingashortsleepduringtheday,forsometimestakinganapistheperfectwaytorechargeyourbatteries.PartⅥWriting(30minutes,15points)Directions:Youaretowriteinnolessthan120wordsonthetopic”EnteringCollege:HelptheNeedyYoungsterstoAchieveTheirDreams'.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheChinesecluesgivenbelow.中央电视台“圆梦行动”的公益节目旨在动员社会力量捐助贫困学子圆大学之梦。你的作文可以：1)对贫困学于是否应受到捐助发表你的看法;或者2)举一个贫困学子需要帮助的例子2006英语二PartVTranslation(30minutes,10points)EachyearintheUnitedStatesmorepeoplearekilledorinjuredinaccidents--at home,atworkorschool,atplay,orwhiletraveling-thanwerekilledorinjuredintheVietnamwar.Intheearly1990s.abouthalfoftheseaccidentaldeathsweretheresultofmotor-vehicleaccidents.Othermajorcausesofaccidentaldeathswerefalls,fires,andpoisoning.Onaworldwidebasis,accidentsinvolvingmotorvehiclesaretheprimarycauseofaccidentaldeaths,followedbyaccidentsinindustryandinthehome.Effortstolessenortoeliminatethehazardousconditionsthatcauseaccidentsareknownassafelymeasures.Safetyisagrowingconcernaroundtheworld,andsafetyskillsarebeingtakenmoreseriouslytodaythaneverbefore.Peoplehavecometorealizethatsafetyskillscanbelearned,andmostsafetyexpertsagreethatitispossibletopredict,andtakestepstoprevent,themajorityofaccidents.Fewaccidentssimply"happen".Mostarecausedbyignorance,carelessness,neglect,orlackofskill.PartVIWriting(30minutes,15points)Directions:Youaretowriteinnolessthan120wordsaboutthetopic"OntheSignificanceoftheQing-ZangRailroad".青藏铁路于今年7月1日通车。请简单地谈谈青藏铁路建成和通车的重大意义，如经济、文化、旅游等方面。注：西藏：Tibet；西藏的、西藏人、藏语：Tibetan2004英语二PartVTranslation(30minutes，l5points)Oneofthereallynicefeaturesaboute-mailsisthattheyallowustosendfilesasattachmentstootherusers．Thisisaverygoodthing．IfI’mworkingwithacolleagueandwanttosendhimanimagefileorawordfile，Icandosoveryquicklyandeasily，withouthavingtofaxittohim．Thissavesonlongdistancebillsandprintingcosts．Italso，however，presentsaproblem，becauseattachmentscantakealongtimetodownload．ForthoseofuswhopaybythehourforInternetservice，unwantedattachmentscanbequitecostlyandtime-consuming．Ioncehadsomeonesendmefifteenlargeimagefiles，andittiedupmycomputerfor20minutesjusttodownloadoneofthem．So，inshort，ifyou’regoingtosendanattachment，getpermissionfirst．PartVIWriting(30minutes，15points)nolessthan120wordsonthetitleof“CollegeStudentsShould(Not)BePermittedtoLiveOffCampus”．Youaretotakeaposition,eitherfororagainstthematter,andgiveyourreasons．近年来大学生在校外租房居住的现象越来越多，这个问题已引起社会各界的关注。人们对这一现象的看法不一，各持己见。1．你对这个问题的观点是…2．理由是……3．结论……2003英语二PartVTranslation(30minutes,15points)ThegenerationgapissogreatinHongKongthattheteenagersthererarelyturntotheirparentsorteachersforadviceonanything.Whetheritbesex,AIDS,schoolworriesorfamilyproblems,adultsarenotconsidereduptothejob.　　Untilnow,noonehasaskedHongKongyouth,“Whatdoyouthink?”SomeunderstandingoftheemotionsofHongKong’syouth,however,hascomefromtheworkofDr.JeffreyDay－attheUniversityofHongKong.Hissurveyofyoungpeopledoesnotfocus,forexample,onhowmanydrugstheytake-buttriestoanswerthequestionwhy.Dr.Dayhopestheresults,whichheplanstoexplaininfullnextweek,willrevealwhat troubles－aswellaspleases－today’shigh-schoolstudents.Conclusionswillbepassedonnotonlytogovernmentdepartmentsbutbacktotheschoolswhichtookpart.PartVIWriting(30minutes,15points)morethan120wordstitle“LifelongLearning”.1、终身学习对每个人的重要性。2、终身学习的方式有多种…3、你认为你应该采取哪种方式，为什么？2002英语二Since1981，farmersinHollandhavebeenencouragedtoadopt“green”farmingtechniquesthatwerethoughttobenefitplantandbirdlife．FarmerswhohavevoluntarilyadoptedthesemeasuresarecompensatedbytheEuropeanUnion．Thegoaloftheprogramistoworkagainstthenegativeeffectsofmodemfanning，suchasdeclinesinspeciesdiversityandthedisturbanceoflocalnestinggrounds．The“green”methodsoffarmingcosttheEuropeanUnionabout1.7billionEurosannually．Thisisabout4percentofthebudgetfor“CommonAgriculturalPolicy,”andthecompensationisexpectedtoriseto10percentwithinthenextfewyears．Variousformsof“greenfarming”employedaroundtheworldhaveprovedsuccessful,andallnewmethodsthoughttobeenvironmentallysensitiveshouldbesubjecttosoundscientificevaluationtodeterminewhethertheyareactuallymeetingtheintendedgoals．PartVWriting(30minutes，15points)Directions：Youaretowriteinnolessthan120wordsaboutthetitle“WhatIConsiderImportantinLife”．YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheChineseoutlinegivenbelow．1．人生有不同的目标：富有、名气、地位、幸福的家庭等…2．其中我认为重要的是…；理由是…3．结论…2013英语二答案1-5:ADBDC6-10:BBDBA11-15:ADCCC16-20:CABAD21.theimpactoftechnologicaladvances22.contributesomethingunique23.jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeed24.toensuremoreeducationforpeople25.AverageisOver26.stayinaforeigntemporarily27.shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges28.thefreedomtostayandleave29.withlegaltolerance30.legalorillegal:bigmistake31.predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment.32.canbeassociative33.thinkbeforeweact34.adequateinformation35.optimistic36.menhavethefinalsay37.areflectionofgenderbalance38.gettopbusinesspositions39.approval40.suitablepublicpolicies41．FPlanningiseverything42．ESticktowhatyouneed43．GWastenot,wantnot44．CShopkeepersareyourfriends45．DRemembertotreatyourself从过去的53年中，任意选出一天，我就能立即想起那天我去过哪儿，当天有什么新闻，甚至这一天是这周的第几天。从四岁起，我就有了这种能力。 我从未被脑海中容纳的海量信息湮没。我的头脑似乎能够很好的处理这些信息，然后把这些信息存储得井井有条。当我想起悲伤的回忆，我和其他人的做法一样-试图把它搁在一旁。我并没有因为我比别人记得更清楚，就更难把悲伤的过往搁在一边。强大的记忆能力并没有使我在情感上比他人体验得更敏锐深刻、更生动丰富。我能回忆起祖父去世的那天，以及他去世前一天我们去医院看望他时的悲伤；我也能回忆起同一天在百老汇上映的音乐剧-这些回忆都以同样的方式突然涌入我的脑海中。Dearclassmates,Iamwritingtoinformyouthatourclassisgoingtoholdacharitysaleinordertohelpthoseorphansinthewelfarehousenearouruniversity.Anybooks,clothesandtoysthatarenotneededanymorecanbedonatedandsoldintocash.AllthemoneywillbeusedtobuySpringFestivalpresentsforthekids.Thecharitysalewillbeheldintheauditoriumofourcollegefrom3p.m.to6p.m.onJanuary10th.Alltheclassmatesofourclassareencouragedtotakepartintheactivityandyoucouldalsocallonyourfriendstoparticipate.Yourparticipationisthebestgiftforthekidswhoneedhelp.Yourssincerely,LiMingAsisrevealedinthebarchart,theproportionofthestudentstakingpart-timejobshaschanged.Theproportionincreasesslowlyfromfreshmentojuniors,whilethatoftheseniorssurgesto88.24%.Takingapart-timejobhasbothprosandcons.Firstly,collegestudentscangetachancetoputtheirideasintopractice.Secondly,totakeapart-timejobprovidesthosestudentswhoareeagertobeindependentasenseofachievement.Also,studentswhoshoulderheavyburdenfromtheirfamilycanmakesomemoneytolessentheirparents’financialcrisis.Nevertheless,issueswillrise.Inordertotakepart-timejobs,somestudentsarefrequentlyabsentfromclassesandevencannotpassthefinalexam.Therefore,theymaylosetheircreditsaswellastheirdiplomas.AsfarasIamconcerned,I’llstrikeforabalancebetweenmystudyandpart-timejobs.IfIdonothaveenoughsparetime,Ichoosetoabandonpart-timejobswithouthesitation,throwingmyselfintomymajortask,thatis,study.2012英语二答案1.Bserved   2.Bcommon  3.Abore  4.Anecessities  5.Cbut6.Dagainst  7.Ameaning  8.Ahandedout  9.Cmade  10.Dneither11.Ddistinguished  12.Bcollection  13.Cinterviewed  14.Dhuman15.Cpatrolled  16.Aparalleled  17.Cemphasized  18.Cfragments19.BTo  20.Datthatpoint 21.Aisreceivingmorecriticism22.Cmayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework23.Adiscouragestudentsfromdoinghomework24.Bitcountsmuchinschooling25.DAFaultyApproachtoHomework26.Ashouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood27.BBlueusedtoberegardedasthecolorforgirls28.Athemarketingofproductsforchildren29.Cclassifyconsumersintosmallergroups30.Cmainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen31.Cgenestobepatentable32.Bonlyman-madeproductsarepatentable33.Aestablishingdiseasecorrelations34.Dgenepatentingwasagreatconcern35.Dobjective36.Dlookonthebrightsideoftherecession37.Dreconsider theirlifestyle38.Bbringoutmoreevilsofhumannature39.Drecovermorequicklythantheothers40.Bpositive 41.Aemphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes.42.Fdismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders.43.Gdepictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers.44.Cfocusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate.45.Eheldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.当发展中国家的人们开始为移民担心时，他们关注的是在发达国家的硅谷、医院和大学里的最光辉灿烂的前景。诸如英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国家试图通过向大学毕业生倾斜的优惠移民政策来吸引这些员工加入。很多研究显示，发展中国家的那些受过良好教育的人们都倾向于移居国外。2004年对印度家庭的一项大型调查显示，同近3.3%的年龄超过25岁的印度人相比，约40%的移民拥有高中以上学历。穷苦国家的人才流失一直以来就让政策制定者伤透脑筋。他们担心这会使他们失去他们急需的高级技工，从而损害国民经济。这些技工本可以在国内大学教书，在医院救人，为工厂研发更好的产品。发展中国家的人们若为移民问题操心，往往是想到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学去创造自己最辉煌的未来。英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策，就是为了吸引这部分人群。诸多研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人才往往可能有移民倾向。2004年，曾针对印度家庭进行过一次大型调查，结果发现，近40%有移民倾向的人受过中学以上教育，而25岁以上的印度人只有约3.3%受过中学以上教育。“人才流失”问题长期以来一直让发展中国家的决策者很苦恼，他们担心这种情况会危及其经济发展，夺去他们紧缺的技术人才，而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教，在他们自己的医院工作，为他们自己的工厂研发新产品。2012年考研英语（二）文章出自著名杂志“TheEconomist”2011年5月26日文章“DrainorGain”（原文详见http://www.economist.com/node/18741763），  DearSirorMadame,  Asoneofyourregularcustomers,Iamwritingtocomplainaboutthepoorqualityoftheelectricdictionarypurchasedinyouron-linestorethatenjoysyearsofreputation.  ThedictionaryisreallyofgreatimportanceintheprocessofmyEnglishlearning.Unfortunately,Ifoundthatthereareseveralproblems.Tobeginwith,thedictionaryoperatedwellatfirst,buttenyearslateritbegantomakealotofnoisewhenopened.Inaddition,someofthekeysonthekeyboarddonotwork.Istronglyrequestthatyoucaneithersendmeanewoneorrefundmemymoneyinfull.   Ireallyappreciateallyourassistanceinthismatter.Ifyouhaveanyproblem,don'thesitatetocontactme.Iamlookingforwardtoyourreplyatyourearliestconvenience.Yourstruly,ZhangWeiThetableabovegivestheinformationaboutthesurveyofemploymentsatisfactioninacompany.Aftercarefullystudyingthedatainthetable,wemaysafelyconcludethatthepercentageofpeopleunder40whoholdunclearordiscontentfeelingwiththeirjobsarerespectively50%and33.3%.64%ofthosebetween40to50arenotsatisfiedandnoonefeelsatisfiedatallwhilethedegreeofsatisfaction,forpeopleover50,largelyexceedstheothergroups,amountingto40%. Agreatmanyreasonsmighthavecontributedtothedifferences,andhereIwouldliketolaystressonthefollowingtworeasons.First,owingtotheenormouspressurefromsupportingthefamily,theenjoymentinworkformiddle-agedpeoplehasobviouslydecreased.Inaddition,sincetheseniorshavedevelopedalotinpersonalitythroughthepreviousworkingexperience,theycankeepapositiveattitudeandseetheoptimisticrespectsofthework.Takingalltheaboveanalysisintoconsideration,wecansafelyreachaconclusionthattheseniorshavemoresatisfactionandenjoymentintheworkthantheyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleunder50.  2009年英语二真题21-30CDDBCBDABA31-40BADDABACAC41-50BBAACCCBCC51-60DCABDCAAAC由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.2007年答案获得适量的休息对于积聚你的体能而言是绝对必要的．如果你经常工作到深夜或者睡眠不佳，那说明你可能开始感到有点疲乏。尽管因人而异，绝大多数人每晚需要至少7~8小时的睡眠，身体功能才会最佳。如果你一直缺乏精力，请尝试晚上早些就寝．如果你醒来时感到休息得很好，这说明你夜间的睡眠量已开始正常．如果你每晚的睡眠超过8小时，仍然不能感到精力充沛，实际上你可能睡眠过量了．你注定偶尔会有睡眠不足之夜。当你的作息时间允许时，你也可以考虑白天小睡，因为有时小睡片刻是为你的体能(电池)“再充电”的最佳方式．EnteringCollege:HelptheNeedyYoungsterstoAchieveTheirDreamsThoughgreatimportanceisattachedtopubliceducation,manyqualifiedstudentsinpoverty-strickenregionsfailtoenteruniversityduetoeconomicreasons.Thesestudentsaregenerallyfromtheleastdevelopedpartofourcountry.Onlyhighereducationcanchangetheirfate:theywillbeotherwisejustliketheirforefatherstoilinginthefieldsdayafterdayandseeingnofuture,whichsimplymeansthewholeregionwillbestuckinaviciouscircleanditsfurtherdevelopmentwillbeimpossible.2006年答案在美国，每年因家庭、工作、学校、玩乐或旅行中的意外事故而伤或亡的人数比越战中的伤亡人数都多。二十世纪九十年代初期，约一半左右的意外死亡是汽车事故造成的的，此外，摔死、火灾和中毒也是主要原因。在世界范围内看，汽车造成的事故是意外死亡的首要根源，紧随其后的工业事故和家庭中的意外死亡。 为减少或消除产生意外事故的危险而付出的努力称之之为安全措施。安全在全世界越来越受关注，安全技能正得到前所未有的重视。人们已经认识到，安全技能是可学的，大多数安全专家也一致认为，绝大部分意外事故是可预测的，也能采取措施加以避免。只有为数不多的意外事故是自己发生的，大多数则是愚昧、粗心、懈怠或缺乏技能带来的后果。ItisinQinghaionJuly1thattheQing-ZangRailroadwascompletedandopentotrafficofficially.Andinthesameday,ourPresidentHuJingtaocuttheribbonpersonallyattheopeningceremony.ThisgreateventmadeeveryChineseallovertheworldextremelycheerful.AsamainarterytoTibetandwesternregions,theQing-ZhangRailroadisofgreatsignificancetoChinaandChinesepeople.【UndoubtedlythesignificanceoftheQing-ZangRailroadcanbeclearlyseennotonlyineconomyandculturebutalsointourism.Tobeginwith,theQing-ZangRailroadwilldrivetheeconomicdevelopmentofthewesternpartofChinaandattractmoreandmoreinvestorstoinvestintheseareas.Inaddition,theQing-ZangRailroadwillfostertheculturalandtouristdevelopmentofQinghaiandTibet.AnincreasingnumberofpeoplefromallovertheworldwillcometoTibetandQinghaifortraveling,whichwillprovideagoodchanceforthepeopleintheworldtoknowTibetandQinghai.】【Asshowninourpreviousdiscussion,wemayreasonablycometotheconclusionthattheQing-ZangRailroadwillbringChinahistoricandrealisticsignificance.Ofcourse,weshouldnotneglecttheenvironmentalandecologicalprotectionwhilemakingfulluseoftheQing-ZangRailroad.】(211)2004年试题参考答案及解析电子邮件真正的优点之一就在于它允许我们以附件的形式给其他的用户发送文件，这一点非常好。比如，我和一个同事一起工作的时候，我想发一份图象文件或是文字文件给他，通过电子邮件就可以很方便很快捷地搞定，而不必使用传真。这就节省了长途费用和打印成本。但是，电子邮件也会带来问题。因为附件的下载可能需要很长时间。对于我们这些按小时支付网费的人来说，多余的附件可能是相当耗费时间和金钱的。我曾经接收过15个大的图片文件。我的电脑竟用了20分钟才载下来一个图片。所以，简言之，如果你要发附件给别人的话，事先一定要争得对方的许可。Inrecentyears,thenumberofcollegestudentswholiveoffcampushasbeenincreasing,whichattractsthewidespreadattentioninthewholesociety.Astothisspecialphenomenon,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.Asapersonwhowasastudent,Ithinkthisbehaviorshouldbebanned.Myreasonsareasfollows:Thefirstandthemostimportantoneisthatlivingoffcampusisnotbeneficialtostudy.Beingcollegestudents,youngpeopleshouldsparenoefforttostudyhardtobroadentheirhorizons.Livingoffcampusmeanstheyareawayfromclassroom,libraryandlaboratory.Soitmaybringmuchmoretroubletothem.Second,whencollegestudentsliveoffcampustheywillbeestrangedfromtheirclassmates,whichisharmfultotheirabilitytocommunicatewithothers.Thus,majorityofthemdon’thavegoodfriendssothattheyareeasytofeellonelyandunhappy.Third,theirlivingoffcampuswillputafinancialburdenontheirfamilyandthemselves.Ingeneral,collegestudentsarestillfinancedbytheirfamily.Iftheywanttoliveoffcampus,theyhavetoaskmoremoneyfromtheirfamilyandmakemoneyintheirsparetime.Itisaheavyburdentheyhavetoshoulder.Inaword,Idon’tapproveofcollegestudents’livingoffcampus.Itwilldisturb thestudents’normallife.Thereforecollegesshouldestablishrulestobancollegestudents’livingoffcampus.2003年试题参考答案及解析在香港，代沟的问题很严重，十几岁的孩子很少向父母或老师征询意见。不管是性、艾滋病、学校中遇到的麻烦，还是家庭问题，他们都认为大人们是帮不上任何忙的。迄今为止，没人问过香港的年轻人：“你在想什么？”然而，香港大学的杰弗里·戴博士所做的研究使我们对香港年轻人的情感有了一些了解。他对年轻人的调查，重点不是问他们服用多少种毒品之类的问题，而是试图找到其中缘由。戴博士计划在下周全面解释研究的结果。他希望研究能揭示当今高中学生的喜和忧。研究结论不仅将送呈政府部门，也将通报参加这项调查的学校。Intoday’ssociety,life-longlearninghasbecomeveryimportantforeveryone.Thisisbecauseoneneedstorenewhisknowledgecontinuouslyinordertomeettheneedsofhisworkandfastdevelopmentofthesociety.Thereareseveralwaysforonetotakealife-longlearning.Onewayistotakeapart-timeeducationprogram.Itmeansthatoneislearningparttimewhileheisworking.Theprogramcouldbeatundergraduatelevelorgraduatelevel.Thesecondwayistostudybyoneself.Youcanlearnwhateveryouneedforyourworkonyourown.Youcanlearnfrombooks,fromTVprogramsorfromInternetorradio.Inmyopinion,life-longlearningisnecessaryforus.Weshouldchooseoneofthewaysmentionedabove,whichdependsonyourownpersonalpreferenceandinterest.Ipreferthefirstonebecausethiskindoflearningissystematicandformal.Withthehelpoftheteachers,itiseasiertolearnandquickertogetwhatyouneedforyourwork.2002年答案第一句：Since1981，farmersinHollandhavebeenencouragedtoadopt“green”farmingtechniquesthatwerethoughttobenefitplantandbirdlife．译文：自1981年以来，荷兰农民受鼓励一直采用那些认为是有利于植物和鸟类的“绿色”耕种技术。注：1．本句句子结构较复杂，考生应该在认真分析句子结构的基础上进行翻译。主语是“farmers”，谓语部分使用的被动形式而且时态为现在完成时—“havebeenencouraged”。后面的不定式to引导的都是主语补足语。其中“that”引导的是一个定语从句修饰先行词“techniques”。2．在翻译本句时，切不可采用一字一句翻译。而是要根据中文的行文规范调整语序。而且要注意到中文和英文各自得语言特点。英文中多使用被动语态，而中文中多使用主动形式。所以本句中两处被动形式应该适当改变。第二句：Thegoaloftheprogramistoworkagainstthenegativeeffectsofmodemfarming,…译文：该项目的目的是消除现代农业所带来的负面影响，……注：1．本句中不定式短语做表语。2．介词“against”在这儿不要直译为“反对”，而是根据句子意思译为“消除”。第三句：Variousformsof“greenfarming”employedaroundtheworldhaveprovedsuccessful,andallnewmethodsthoughttobeenvironmentallysensitiveshouldbesubjecttosoundscientificevaluationtodeterminewhethertheyareactuallymeetingthe intendedgoals．译文：世界各地采用的各种形式的“绿色耕种”已证明是成功的。所有被认为对环境有影响的新方法都应该接受科学评估，以确定它们是否真正达到了预期日标。注：1．“and”连接的两个并列句。前一个句子中注意有一个过去分词短语“employedaroundtheworld”做后置定语。后一个句子同样也有一个过去分词短语“thoughttobeenvironmentallysensitive”做后置定语。注意翻译时，应把这两个后置定语翻译到主语的前面。2．besubjectto本意为“受支配,从属于,可以……的,常遭受……”，在这儿应该转译为“接受”。