风湿性疾病的肌肉骨骼超声四

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1、Chapter4111SonographicandpowerDopplersemeioticsinmusculoskeletaldisorders4.1CartilageOsteoarthritisSonographyhasgreatpotentialforthenon-invasiveCartilageinvolvementinosteoarthritisrangesfromstudyofhyalinecartilage,asitcandepictmicro-subtlefindingstoextensive,easilydetectablescopiclesionstobedemons

2、tratedwithahighspa-abnormalities[6-8].Lossofclarityofthecartilagetialresolution.Themainlimittothesonographicandlossofsharpnessofthesynovialspace-carti-studyofarticularcartilageistherelativelylimitedlageinterfaceareclearlyevidentfeaturesevenindimensionsofacousticwindowsavailableforthetheabsenceofot

3、herUSsignsofcartilagedamage.visualizationofthecartilagesurfaces.ThemostTheintegrityofthesynovialspace-cartilageinter-frequenterrorsinthestudyofcartilage,especial-faceisthemaindistinguishingfeatureofhealthylyatkneelevel,arelinkedtoincorrectexamina-subjects,whencomparedtopatientswithtion.Themostfreq

4、uentartifactscomeoutinsupra-osteoarthritis(Fig.4.1).Lossofcartilagetrans-patellarpanoramicviews,asthecartilageprofileparencycouldreflectpathologicalchangessuchasofthefemoraltrochleaisnotperpendiculartothefibrillationofcartilageandcleftformation.directionoftheUSbeam.AnapparentlossinBlurredand/orirr

5、egularmarginstogetherwithsharpnessofthechondro-synovialmarginofthemarkedcartilagethinningarethemostcommoncartilageandanapparentreductionorincreaseofUSfindingsinadvancedosteoarthritis(Fig.4.2a,b).thecartilagethicknessarethemainartifactscausedAlthoughstandardcriteriaforassessingUSbyincorrecttechniqu

6、e[2].changesinosteoarthriticcondylarcartilageareUltrasonographyprovidesrapidandreliable,notyetwidelyaccepted,McCuneetal.[7]havealbeitincomplete,informationaboutthecharac-reportedfourmainabnormalitiesinpatientswithteristicsofarticularcartilage,withoutradiationkneeosteoarthritisthatcanberegardedasUS

7、hall-riskorpatientdiscomfort[3-5].marksofthediseaseatdifferentstages.TheseAwiderangeofcartilaginouschangescanbeincludelossofcartilagetransparency,reduceddetectedinpatientswithosteoarthritisandchron-sharpnessofthe