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1、心理学报2007，39（3）：415~430ActaPsychologicaSinicaHowLanguageEvolvedMichaelC.CorballisUniversityofAucklandLanguage,withitscomplexrecursivestructure,isalmostcertainlyauniquelyhumancapacity.Iarguethatitevolvedoverthepast2millionyearsduringthePleistoceneepoch,aspartofacognitiveadaptationto
2、deforestationandpredationfromdangerouskilleranimalsontheAfricansavanna.Ratherthanpostulateanyspecificgenesforlanguage,Isuggestthattherewassystematicselectionforincreaseinbrainsize,allowingformorecomplexsocialcognition,includingthe“grammaticalization”ofcommunicationthroughlearninga
3、ndculturalpressures.Paralleltothisdevelopment,themediumofcommunicationchangedgraduallyfromamanualmodetoafacialandthenvocalmode,culminationinamutationoftheFOXP2genethatgaveourownspecies,Homosapiens,thecapacityforautonomousspeech.Thisfinalswitchmayexplaintheso-called“humanrevolution
4、,”leadingtothedominanceofhumansontheplanet,andthedemiseofotherspeciesofthegenusHomo.Keywords:language,grammaticalization,themediumofcommunication.语言如何进化人类语言具有复杂多变的递归结构，漫长的物种进化过程中唯独人类精通语言。语言的进化始于大约两百万年前的“更新世时期”，语言在当时作为一种认知适应对于人类应对自然界带给人类的挑战（如动物掠食与森林毁坏）有很大帮助。人类进化过程中学习与文化因素形成一种选择压力促使
5、人际交流语法化，人际交流语法化引发大脑容量增加，然而，最初的语言进化与基因无关。学习与文化压力也使交流的媒介依次变为手语模式、表情模式与语言模式。交流媒介的逐渐变化最终导致了FOXP2基因突变，FOXP2基因突变让智人具有了自主的言语能力。与地球上其它的人科动物相比，人类的语言能力使人类在进化中具有明显的优势。关键词：语言，语法化，沟通媒介。分类号：B84-069IntroductionquicklymadeclearbyHuxley(1863/2001):HumanshadevolvedthroughnaturalselectionfromtheTheC
6、artesianbackgroundTheevolutionoflanguagehaslongbeenAfricanapes.TheOxfordphilologistFriedrichMaxthcontentious.The17-centuryphilosopherRénéMullerimmediatelytookuptheCartesianchallenge,Descartes(1647/1985)setthestageformuchofthedeclaringthatlanguagewascriticalproofofthegapcontroversy
7、whenhecontrastedhumanswithanimals,betweenhumansand“brutes”(Muller,1861/1880).suggestingthatlanguagewasoneattributeuniquetoDarwinrepliedbysuggestingthatlanguageemergedhumans.Thedistinctivecharacteristicoflanguagefromtheinarticulatecriesofanimals,whichMullerinwasitsopen-endedquality
8、,sincethereseemedtobeturnscornful
