emerging insights into processes of Y-chromosome degeneration

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1、REVIEWSY-chromosomeevolution:emerginginsightsintoprocessesofY-chromosomedegenerationDorisBachtrogAbstract

2、ThehumanY chromosomeisintriguingnotonlybecauseitharboursthemaster-switchgenethatdeterminesgenderbutalsobecauseofitsunusualevolutionaryhistory.TheYchromosomeevolvedfromanautosome,andi

3、tsevolutionhasbeencharacterizedbymassivegenedecay.Recentwhole-genomeandtranscriptomeanalysesofY chromosomesinhumansandotherprimates,inDrosophilaspeciesandinplantshaveshedlightonthecurrentgenecontentoftheYchromosome,itsoriginsanditslong-termfate.Furthermore,comparativeanalysisofyoungandol

4、dY chromosomeshasgivenfurtherinsightsintotheevolutionaryandmolecularforcestriggeringY-chromosomedegenerationandintotheevolutionarydestinyoftheYchromosome.SexchromosomesarederivedfromautosomesandhaveRecentgenomicadvances,however,haveprovidedSexchromosomesindependentlyevolvedmanytimesindif

5、ferentline-newlydetailedviewsofY-chromosomeevolutionandApairofchromosomeages.Forexample,thehumanXandY chromosomeshaverevealedmanynovelandoftensurprisinginsights12.thatdeterminesthesexofanindividual.originated~200–300millionyearsagoineutherianAnalysesofY-chromosomesequenceshaveshedlightma

6、mmals1,2afterthesplitofmonotremes,andsexchro-ontheDNAsequencecompositionandgenecontentofGenomicconflictmosomesevolvedindependentlyinbirdsandsnakes,recentlyformedandancientY chromosomesinanimalsConflictofdifferentgeneswithinanorganismthatarisesandmultipletimesinotherreptiles,amphibiansand

7、andplants.Thesestudieshaverevealedtheevolutionarywhengenesinsideagenomefish;theyalsoformedrepeatedlyinmanyinvertebrateforcesoperatingonY chromosomesandhaveprovidedarenottransmittedbythetaxaandplants3–5.Sexchromosomescarrythemasternovelinsightsintomolecularandevolutionarymecha-samerules(s

8、uchassex-determininggenes,aresubjecttouniqueevolution-nismsthatinitiateYdifferentiationorthatdetermineitsmitochondriaornucleargenes)aryforces6,7andplayaprominentpartinmanyevolu-long-termsurvival(inparticular,thehumanYchromo-orwhenthetransmissionofationaryprocesses,suchass