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1、REVIEWquestion,request),emotionsandpositiveorneg-ativesentiment,anddiscoursestructure(topicorrhetoricalstructure).Second,performanceim-AdvancesinnaturalprovementsinNLPwerespurredonbysharedtaskcompetitions.Originally,thesecompetitionslanguageprocessingwerelargelyfundedandorganizedbytheU.S.Departme
2、ntofDefense,buttheywerelateror-ganizedbytheresearchcommunityitself,such12,3JuliaHirschberg*andChristopherD.ManningastheCoNLLSharedTasks(3).ThesetaskswereaprecursorofmodernMLpredictivemodelingNaturallanguageprocessingemployscomputationaltechniquesforthepurposeoflearning,andanalyticscompetitions,su
3、chasonKaggle(4),understanding,andproducinghumanlanguagecontent.Earlycomputationalapproachestoinwhichcompaniesandresearchersposttheirlanguageresearchfocusedonautomatingtheanalysisofthelinguisticstructureoflanguagedataandstatisticiansanddataminersfromalloveranddevelopingbasictechnologiessuchasmachi
4、netranslation,speechrecognition,andspeechtheworldcompetetoproducethebestmodels.synthesis.Today’sresearchersrefineandmakeuseofsuchtoolsinreal-worldapplications,AmajorlimitationofNLPtodayisthefactthatcreatingspokendialoguesystemsandspeech-to-speechtranslationengines,miningsocialmostNLPresourcesands
5、ystemsareavailablemediaforinformationabouthealthorfinance,andidentifyingsentimentandemotiontowardonlyforhigh-resourcelanguages(HRLs),suchasproductsandservices.Wedescribesuccessesandchallengesinthisrapidlyadvancingarea.English,French,Spanish,German,andChinese.Incontrast,manylow-resourcelanguages(L
6、RLs)—verthepast20years,computationallin-strikesidlekids,”dependingonthenoun,verb,andsuchasBengali,Indonesian,Punjabi,Cebuano,guisticshasgrownintobothanexcitingadjectiveassignmentsofthewordsinthesentence,andSwahili—spokenandwrittenbymillionsofareaofscientificresearchandapracticalaswellasgrammatica
7、lstructure.Beginninginthepeoplehavenosuchresourcesorsystemsavail-technologythatisincreasinglybeingin-1980s,butmorewidelyinthe1990s,NLPwasable.Afuturechallengeforthelanguagecommu-Ocorporatedintoconsumerproducts(fortrans
