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1、NOMENCLATUREOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDSMasteringchemicalnomenclatureisliuledifferentfromlearninganewlanguage,suchasGerman.InordertounderstandtheGermanscientificliterature,youmust,e.g.learnthatthecompoundH2iscalledWasserstoff-English-speakingchemistscallithydrogen.Yourtasknowistomemoriz
2、ethenamesofenoughcompoundsandbecomesufficientlyfamiliarwiththeseveralsystemsofnamingcompoundsthatchemistryceasestobeanforeignlanguage”.Thefirstthingtolearnaboutnamingchemicalcompoundsisthatthereisusuallymorethanonewaytodoit.Webeginwiththesimplestsystem,inwhichatrivialname,i.e.on
3、ethathasnosensibleorigin,isassignedtoacompound.SomeexamplesareHQWaterNH3AmmoniaHg2C12CalomelSomenames,suchasquicklimeforCaO,derivefromtheoriginofthecompound-inthiscase,limestone,CaCC)3・Suchwordoriginsareoftenrememberedonlybyetymologists,butthenameshavepersistedforsolongthattheya
4、reanestablishedpartofthelanguage.Canyouimagineanyoneseriouslyaskingforadrinkofdihydrogenoxide?Thewordwaterservesthepurposemuchbette匚Aswecometolesscommonandmorecomplexcompounds,theuseoftrivialnamesgiveswaytoamoresystematicapproach.Ifthereareonlytwoelementsinthecompounditiscustoma
5、rytonamethemoremetallicelementfirstandthelessmetallic,ormoreelectronegativeelementsecond,withthesuffixSomeexamplesareKClPotassiumchlorideNaBrSodiumbromideCaOCalciumoxideHlHydrogeniodideBaSBariumsulfideForcompoundscontainingstillonlytwoelementsbutmorethantwoatoms,theprefixes“tri-
6、Jetc,becomenecessary.Someexamplesofsuchcompoundsaretheoxidesofnitrogen.Anothersuchseriesisthatoftheoxidesofchlorine.Becausechlorine,likenitrogen,isslightlylesselectronegativethanoxygen,thewordchlorinecomesfirst:C12ODichlorinemonoxideCIOChlorinemonoxideC1O2ChlorinedioxideC1O3Chlo
7、rinetrioxideC12O7DichlorineheptoxideC1O4ChlorinetetroxideIfnoconfusioncanresult,theprefixes"mono』and"di-^aresometimesdropped.Aclassofcompoundsinwhichsuchprefixesareseldomusedisthatinwhichthemetalatomusuallyexhibitsonlyoneoxidationstate.Dependingontheoxidationstateoftheothereleme
8、nt,thenumberofanionspercationisthenfixed.Someex
