工业革命【外文翻译】

《工业革命【外文翻译】》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。

1、原文：IndustrialRevolutionAnindustrialrevolutionisafundamentaleconomicchange:Between1770and1850theeconomyofEnglandchangedfrommostlyagriculturaltomostlyindustrial.thiswastheresultnotofonekeyinventionbutoftechnologicalprogressindifferentfieldscomingtogether

2、.itscenteristhedevelopmentoffactories(whichhadn'treallyexistedbeforethistime),buttheycouldn'thavedevelopedwithoutbettertransportationcreatinglargermarketsandbettertransportationcouldn'thaveexistedwithoutthegrowthoftheironindustry,whichcouldn'thavegrown

3、withoutsteamengines.societyhadahardtimeadjustingtotheneweconomicsystem.CausesoftheBritishIndustrialRevolution:expansionoftrade,mercantileeconomicpolicy(seepreviouslecture)declineof:feudalism--farmerswerenolongerboundtothelandguildsystem--theguildforapa

4、rticulartradecouldnolongercontrolwhosetupanewbusinessthesystemofcustomaryprices--themarketismorefree,insteadoftheoldsystemwherechangingthepricebecauseofashortagewasseenasprofiteeringagriculturalchanges.enclosure=theabolishmentoftheoldsystemofcommunalfa

5、rminganditsreplacementwithfamilyfarms.Supposedlyeveryonehadthesameshareoflandasbefore,butthesmallestfarmersdidn'thaveenoughtosurviveasanindependentfarmandtheywentoutofbusinessandwentlookingforwork.Tookplace16thcenturytoabout1820.fourfieldcroprotation--

6、wheat,turnips,barley,cloveroralfalfa(turnipsandhaycropsmakeitpossibletokeepmorelivestock).newscientificapproachestofarming(oneofthepioneerscientificinvestigatorsofagriculturewasanEnglishmannamedJethroTull).averageagriculturalsurplusperworkerdoubledfrom

7、about25%toabout50%.workersnolongerneededinagriculturewereavailableforindustrialjobs(discussion).Iron:by1720mostironinEnglandwasimportedduetoashortageofcharcoalforsmelting.in1709AbrahamDarbyinventedawayofsmeltingironusingcoke(processedcoal)insteadofchar

8、coal.theironindustrytookoffafter1760sinceironoreandcoalwerebothveryplentifulinEngland1779IronBridge(photo).TheSteamEngine:NewcomenEngine(about1712)filledacylinderwithsteamandthencondensedittodrawthepistondown.50%efficient,butwidelyusedt