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核心词汇第一部分:1.confuse英[ken」fju:z]动词,表示“把(某人)弄糊涂;使迷惑“搞乱;混淆例句:Itisimportanttoexplainthisagainorwewillconfusethestudents.用法:1)MyChineseandEnglishbooksareconfusedtogethe匚我的中英文的书籍混在一起了。Pleasedon'tconfuseAustraliawithAustria.别把澳大利亚和奥地利混淆了。2)confusionn.混乱;慌乱;混淆There'sstillconfusionaboutthenumberofcasualties.伤亡人数依然不明。Wcalwayslefthisofficeinastateofconfusion.我们总是一头雾水地离开他的办公室。Omissionsinmyrecentarticlemusthavecausedconfusion.我最近一篇文章中的几处省略肯定造成了困惑。3)confusing和confused辨析:这两个词都是由confuse转化而来的形容词oconfusing意思是"莫名其妙的;难以理解的(difficulttounderstand;puzzling)”,强调事物本身所具冇的性质;confused意思是"糊涂的;迷乱的(unabletothinkclearly)",强调人对某事物的感受。Thestatementishighlyconfusing.这一声明•分费解。Theuncertaintycreatedbythissituationmustbeconfusingforyou.这种局而所造成的不确定性肯定让你感到困惑。AmIconfusingathoughtorfantasywithafact?我是否混淆了想法(或幻觉)和事实? 练习:英译汉Theyaskedmesomanyquestionsthattheyconfusedme.他们问我那么多问题把我都弄糊涂了Hewasconfusedbyastrangeidea.他被奇怪的念头弄糊涂了。1.Regret[riDgret]例句:Hisfathersaysthathehasneverregrettedsendinghissontostudyabroad.用法:1)作动词,意为“为……感到遗憾;后悔;惋惜”。如hIdidn'tregretthechoiceIhadmade.我做了这个选择并不后悔。Iregrettosaythatwecan'tstayhereanylonge匚我很遗憾,我们不能再在这儿多呆了。Sheregrettedhavingmissedthefilm.她懊悔没能看上那场电影。2)名词,意为“遗憾;后悔SIfeltagreatregretathavingspentmytimeinthisway.我对这样浪费光阴深感懊悔。3)regrettodosth表示"遗憾地要",后面的动词常是say,tell,speak,inform等;regretdoingsth表示"后悔做过toone'sregret令人遗憾的是Iregrettoinformyouhediedasaconsequenceofhisinjuries.我很遗憾地通知你,他因伤势太重不治身广。Fiveyearslatersheregretshavinggivenupherhome.5年后她对当初放弃自己的家感到后悔。IhavenoregretforwhateverIhavedone. 我对我所做的绝不后悔。练习:英译汉Iregretbeingsorudetoyoulasttime.我很后悔上次对你太无礼了。Now,Iregrethavingdonethat.我现在后悔那样做了。IregretthatIshouldhavespokensorudelytoyou.我悔不该对你讲话那么粗鲁。1.Build[bild]vt.建立;建造,构筑;开发;为…建立基础皿建造,营造;扩大,扩展;发展,达到n.体格,构造;〈俚〉优美的体型,肉体美例句:Developersarenowproposingtobuildahotelonthesite.开发商现在建议在这个地方盖一座宾馆。IftheTVwasbuiltintotheceiling,youcouldlietherewhilewatchingyourfavouriteprogramme.如果把电视嵌入天花板,你就可以躺在那里欣赏你最喜欢的节目了。Heandapartnersetupontheirownandbuiltasuccessfulfashioncompany.他和同伴口己创业,创办了一家成功的时装公司用法:BuildThemoneytobuildthepowerstationoughttohavebeensufficient. 建设电站的资金木该足够了。Theretheylearnttobuildhouses.在那里他们学会了盖房子。Let'sassumeforthesakeofargumentthatwcmanagetobuildasatisfactorydatabasc.为了便于讨论,不妨假定我们成功地建立了一个令人满意的数据库。BuildingWehaveachievedgreatsuccessesinthecauseofbuildingupourcountry.我们在建设我们国家的事业中取得了巨大的成就。He'sinbuilding.他是搞建筑的。Buildingmoremotorwaysandbypasseswillhelptheenvironmentbyreducingpollutionandtrafficjamsintownsandcities.建造更多的高速公路和绕城道路能够减少城镇屮的污染和交通堵塞,有利于改善环境。buildup增强;建立;开发Thesechemicalsinthefoodsupplybuildupinpeople'sbodiesovertime.Hardworkingconditionsbuildupcharacter.艰苦的工作条件能磨练人的性格。练习:英译汉Localcompaniesfindthesitesandbuildthethemeparks,whilewewilllookafterthebranding.各地的公司确定园址后进行主题公园的修建,而我们将负责詁牌推广工作。Aswithanydrugtakeninexcess,yourbodycanbuildupatolerancetoit.和过量服用任何其他药物一样,身体会对它产生耐药性。Dr.JohnsonandIhavebeentryingtobuildhimupphysically. 约翰逊医生和我一直试图壇强他的体质。Iamdeterminedtobuildonthissolidfoundation.我决定在这个坚实的基础之上继续努力。1.leadto:[li:d]v导致;造成W领导;引导;指挥比导致;领导;用水佗测深n.铅倾导;榜样;枪弹adj领头的;最重要的;领先的例句:Manyofthesechemicalscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.这些化学品中,许多都能导致癌症或者其他疾病。Hundredsofpeoplearesaidtohaveblockedamainhighwayleadingnorth.据称冇数百人堵住了一条往北的主干公路。He'sleadinginthepresidentialrace.他在总统竞选中领先。用法:形容词TheAmericanandJapanesenaviestooktheleadinthedevelopmentofnavalaviation.美国和n本海军是发展海军航空部队的佼佼者。ViEthnictensionsamongtherepublicscouldleadtocivilwai*.共和国z间紧张的种族关系可能会引发内战。vtHisabhorrenceofracismledhimtowriteTheAlgiersMotelIncident. 对种族主义的憎恨促使他写了《阿尔及尔汽车旅馆事件》一书。Motherhadledmetobelievethenewbabywasakindofpresentforme.母亲让我相信新岀生的宝宝是给我的一个礼物。Well,Ithinkthatleadsmetotherealpoint.这个嘛,我看这让我说到正题了。AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大道通罗马。练习:英译汉Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestoftenleadtoillness.过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。AfterawhileIledtheconversationaroundtoherjob.过了一阵子,我把话题引到她的工作上。Sheledanormal,happylifewithhersisterandbrother.她和弟弟妹妹-起过着平凡而幸福的牛活。1.Focus[nfeukos]vt.&vi.(使)集中,(使)聚集;调整(镜头,眼晴)焦点[焦距]以便看清W调整(眼睛或者镜头的)焦距;集中(光束于);聚焦,注视;集中注意力n.焦点;影象的清晰度;(活动、注意力、兴趣等的)屮心;[医]病灶,病症例句:Theresearchefforthasfocusedontracingtheeffectsofgrowinglevelsoffivecompounds.研究重点追踪了5种化合物含量上升的影响。TheUN'sroleinpromotingpeaceisincreasinglythefocusofinternationalattention.联合国在促进和平方面的作用越来越受到国际社会的关注。Hesaidhissuddenfocusonforeignpolicywasnotmotivatedbyprcsidcntialpolitics.他说他突然关注外交政策并非受总统政治的驱使。 用法:1)focuson:集屮(注意力,精力等)于Youshouldfocusyourattentiononyourwork.把注意力集屮在你的工作上。Olympus:Focusonliffe.奥林巴斯:瞄准生活。2)n.Thisaggressionistherealissuetheworldshouldbeconcernedabout.Wewanttokccpthatinfocus.这次侵略才是世界应该关注的真止问题。我们想继续保持关注。ThedeficitintheUSbalanceofpaymentsputtheseconsiderationsoutoffocus.美国的国际收支逆差使这些因素没有得到关注。focusfromtoMhasalsoshifteditsfocusfrommainframestopersonalcomputers.IBM公司也把重心从特:大型机转向了个人电脑。练习:英译汉Thenewsystemisthefocusofcontroversy.这个新体制是争议的焦点。Herchildrenarcthemainfocusofherlift.孩子们是她生活的重心。Thereport'sfocusisonhowtechnologyaffectshumanliferatherthanbusiness.这个报告关注的是技术如何影响人类生活而非商业活动。1.reduce[r□匚dju:s]v.减少,降低例句:Itreducestherisksofheartdisease・ 这降低了患心脏病的风险。Hewasreducedtobeggingforaliving.他不得不以乞讨为生。用法:1)动词Hiscommitmentstothestepchildrenwillnotreducehisobligationtohisnaturalchildreru他对继子女的关爱和投入不会减少他对亲生孩子的责任。Thedesignofthebicyclehasmanagedtoreducetheeffectsofwindresistanceanddrag-这种自行车的设计成功地减少了风的阻力和摩擦力。Wemustreducethedangerofwarbycontrollingnuclear,chemicalandconventionalanns.我们必须通过控制核武器、化学武器和常规武器的数量来减少战争的危险。2)ReducingRecyclingalsohelpscontrolenvironmentalpollutionbyreducingtheneedforwastedumps.对废弃物的回收利用能够减少对垃圾场的需求,从而也有助于控制环境污染。Buildingmoremotorwaysandbypasseswillhelptheenvironmentbyreducingpollutionandtrafficjamsintownsandcities.建造更多的高速公路和绕城道路能够减少城镇屮的污染和交通堵塞,冇利于改善环境。Thusreducingoverheadandsavingtime.因此减少了开销并节省了时间。3)ReducedConsumptionisbeingreducedby25percent.消费下降了25个百分点。Iboughtthecoatasitwasconsiderablyreducedfromitsoriginalprice.这件上衣大减价,因此我就把它买下了。Thebloodsupplytotheskinisreducedwhenmusclesstiffen.当肌肉变得僵駛时,皮肤的供血量就减少了。练习:公司尽力通过减少花销来提高利润。Thecompanytriestoincreaseprofitsby今年我们已经减少了业务开支。Weexpensesthisyea匚 reducingcostshavereduced1.Free[fri:]自由,免费例仙Theseminarsarcfree,withlunchprovided・研讨会不收会务费,而月•述捉供午餐。Itwillfreeusofawholelotofdebt.它会使我们摆脱巨额债务。用法:Thisalsokeepstheair,soil,waterandcropsfreefromchemicals.keeps...fi*eefrom/of:使…免受(影响,伤害等);使不含(冇害物)Weputourbooksinbookcasetokeepthemfreefromdust.Youmusttakecaretokeepthewoundfreefromthedirt.1)keep...from:隐瞒,不把告诉(某人)阻止,避免"如:Heworftbeabletokeepthetruthfromhisfather.Youcan'tkeephimfromdoingthatthing.2)freefrom:使解除,使摆脱如:Theyaimtofreethestudentsfromtoomuchhomework・3)befreeofsb/sth:摆脱某人/某物Pmfreeofthatjobatlast.练习:Sheretainsherslimfigureandisfreeofwrinkles.她保持着苗条的身材,脸上也没有皱纹。 Toolbeltsfreebothhandsandlessentheriskofdroppinghammers.工具腰带解放了双手,还减少了锤了掉落的风险。Shespentherfreetimeshopping.她空闲的时候就去购物。Therewasonlyoneseatfreeonthetrain・列车上只剩卜'一个空座。第二部分:从高考题谈动名词作主语和宾语1.动名词作主语例:l.-WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?-hernewbicycle.(1997上海)A.AsshelostB.LostC•LosingD.Becauseoflosing解析:答案C。Losing在此为动名词,与hernewbicycle构成动名词短语在句中作主语。该题口J以理解为:LosinghernewbicyclemadeMarysoupset.1•在下面的句型中,it是形式主语,v・ing形式作真正的主语。1)It'snouse/good+v-ing.女It'snogoodsmoking,yotTdbettergiveitup.It'snousearguingwithhim.2)It'sawasteoftime/sonice/foolishinteresting/doingsth.It'sawasteoftimewaitinghere.在这里等是浪费时间。It'ssonicetalkingtoyou. 很高兴和你谈话。1.v・ing形式作主语,谓语动词用单数。Learningnewwordsisveryusefultome.WritingheadlinesinEnglishisnotaneasyjob.动名词作宾语1)冇些动词后只接动名词作宾语。这类动词常见的冇:admit,advise,finish,avoid,escape,delay,consider,dislike,mind,suggest,enjoy,miss,practise,imagine,appreciate(感激),risk(冒险)等等。2.Ourmonitorsuggestedadiscussionofthissubject.(85JA.tohaveB.shouldhaveC.haveD.HavingKey:D2)有些动词和动词词组既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语,但意思不同。这类动词及动词词组常见的冇:stop,forget,remember、try,mean,goon,regret,can'thelp等等。1)goontodo接着做(另一件事)goondoing继续做(同一件事)2)stoptodo停下来去做;stopdoing停止做3)remembertodo记住耍做;rememberdoing记得曾做过4)can,thelptodo不能帮助做;can'thelpdoing情不自禁地做1)forgettodo忘记要做;forgetdoing忘了曾经做过2)regrettodo很遗憾/抱歉地去做;regretdoing后悔做了3)trytodo努力做;trydoing试着做4)meantodo打算做;meandoing意味着做2.一Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregretthat.(95,) A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone解析:答案Do本句意为:我现在后悔在会上提出了反对意见。表示对已经发生的事情"后悔"应用regretdoing/havingdone3.一Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregretthat.(95,)A・todoB.tobedoingC・tohavedoneD・havingdone解析:答案Do本句意为:我现在后悔在会上提出了反对意见。表示对已经发生的事情“后悔”应用regretdoing/havingdone3)动名词充当介词的宾语,常用在含有某些介词构成的短语动词之后,这类常见的短语动词有:insiston,thinkof;feellike(cf.wouldliketodosth.),setabout(cf.setouttodosth.),befondof,lookforwardto(cf.lookforwardtodosth.),payattentionto^getusedto,giveup,devote...to,putoff,succeedin,havedifficultyin,getdownto(开始着手做)等等。例:Shelooksforwardeveryspringto_theflower-linedgarden.(1995上海)A.visitB・payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin解析:答案Dolookforwardtodoingsth.是固定用法,故排除A、C项。B项在visit后加to才正确,所以应排除。Cf.TheletterthatIwaslookingforwardtoatlast.A.comingB.cameC.comeD.beingcomeKey:B 4)动名词在need,want,require,beworth后接宾语,常以主动形式来表示被动意义cf.beworthyofbeingdone/tobedoneThisbookisworthyofbeingread/toberead.这木书值得一读。need/want/requiredoingsth/tobedone(需要做••・)eg.Mybikeneedsrepairing/toberepaired・5)permit,allow,forbid,require(要求)doingsth./sbtodosth.跟人作宾语后,必须用不定式作补语。例如:Thisroomwon'tallowsmoking.在这间屋里不准吸烟。Wedonotallowanybodytosmokehere.这里不许吸烟。例:一Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?-Oh,excellent.Itfsworthasecondtime.A•toreadB.tobereadC•readingD•beingreadKcy:C6)冇些动词后可跟不定式和v-ing形式作宾语,意义差别不大。1)在like,love,hate,prefer•等动词后,v・ing形式表示经常性、概括性的动作,不定式表示具体的、特定的某一次动作。如:Shelikessinging,butshedoesn'tliketosingtoday-7)在begin,start,continueJu跟v・ing形式和不定式作宾语没有区别,但start,begin木身为进行式或后接realize,wonder,understand等心理活动的词吋,常用不定式作宾语。女口:IbegantorealizethatIwaswrong・3.动名词的时态和语态 动名词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式所表示的动作或是与句中谓语动词的动作同吋发生,或是在句中谓语动词动作之后发生;而它的完成式所表示的动作则一般发生在句屮谓语动词动作之前。例1:Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan*thelpintobuyingsomethingtheydon'treallyneed・(1996上海)A.topersuadeB・persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded解析:答案C。根据句意,can*!help是“抑制不砖、“情不自禁"的意思。其后应接动名词作宾语。在此句中,people与persuade之间是动宾关系,所以应用动名词的被动式。例2:Tonywasveryunhappyfortotheparty.(2000上海)A.havingnotbeeninvitedB.nothavinginvitedC.havingnotinvitedD・nothavingbeeninvited解析:答案D。动名词的否定式作介词的宾语。由于Tony未被邀请在先,不高兴在后,所以采用了完成式的形式。3.动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时,名词可用普通格代替所冇格,代词可用宾格形式代替形容词性物主代词。eg.Idon'tlikeyou/your/Tom/Tom'sbeinglate.但是动名词作主语时,只能用your/Tom'sbeinglate形式。FiJ:Whatworriedthechildmostwastovisithismotherinthehospital.(1998_h海)A.hisnotallowingB.hisnotbeingallowedC.hisbeingnotallowedD.havingnotbeenallowed解析:答案B。动名词复合结构的否定式应把否定词not放在物主代词之后、动名词之前。child和allow之间为动宾关系,所以就用其被动式。覃 几个重要的句型:1.Thereisnouse/gooddoingsth.2.Thereisno+动名词Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatte匸这事开彳从得玩笑。三.用todo而不用v-ing作定语的情形一)所修饰的词为desire,effort,failure,promise等Shemadeapromisetocomeandhelpus.二)所修饰的名词询有thefirst/last/next,theonly和thebest,themost等序数词或形容词最高级修饰语.Whowasthelastonetoleavetheroomlastnight?Sheisalwaysthefirsttogettowork.三)所修饰的名词与定语间有动宾关系Ihavesomeclothestowashtonight.Shegavehimapieceofpapertowriteon.四)所修饰的名词与定语有主谓关系Ineedsomeonetotypethelettersforme-Youmustfindapersontolookafteryourhouseforyouwhileyouareaway.五)所修饰的名词与定语有同位关系Atthattimewomenhadnorighttovote.Theygottheordertoleavethecityyesterday.六)定语表示的是尚未发生的将來动作Thebuildingtobebuiltisalaboratory.SomegoodstobecarriedtoShanghai,heintendstohireatruck.七)在一些固定句型中,习惯上使用不定式。例如:It'syourturntospeaknow.It5stimetogotoschool.