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1、生物分离工程(三)细胞破碎细胞破碎的力法机械方法物理方法化学方法生物方法等。Summary概述Bioseparationsusuallybeginwiththeseparationofbiomassfrombroth.TheseparationcommonlyusesfiltrationorcentrifugationasdescribedinChapters1and2.Inmanyeases,thedesiredproductisinthebroth・Antibiotics,arecommonlyinthebroth;soareextracellularenz
2、ymes,manypolysaccharides,andmostaminoacids・Inallthesecases,theseparatedbrothcanbetreatedtoisolateandpurifytheproduct,asabyproduct.生物分离的第一步是将生物机体从发酵液屮分离,通常使用过滤和离心等方法,这在第一、二章中已有陈述。大多数情况下,抗生素,胞外酶,一些多糖,及氨基酸等目标产物存在于在发酵液中。在上述过程中,需被分离的发酵液可被看作一种副产物来处理,以此分离和纯化产物。Insomecases,theproductsofinter
3、estarenotinthebrothbutareinthebiomass.Inparticular,mostproteinsproducedinquantitybygeneticallymanipulatedbacteriaarenotexcretedintothebroth,butarcprecipitatedwithinthecell・Lipidsandsomeantibioticsarcalsotrappedinthebiomass.Inafewcases,likebaker'syeast,thedesiredproductisthecellmassit
4、self.Inafewothers,desiredproductslikesteroidscanbeextractedwithoutrupturingthecells.Inmanycases,theproductistrappedinthebiomass:Itisintracellular.有些目标产物不在发酵液中,而是存在于生物体中。尤其是rh基因工程菌产生的大多数蛋白质不会被分泌到发酵液屮,而是在细胞内沉积。脂类物质和一些抗生索也是包含在生物体屮。还有一些目标产物就是细胞本身,如血包酵母。还有,产物如类固醇不必通过细胞破碎提取。大多数情况下,产物还是包裹在生
5、物体内,属胞内产物。Releasingthistrappedmaterialusuallyinvolvesrupturingthecellwall,andisthesubjectofthisshortchapte匚Themethodsofcellrupturehavelargelybeendevelopedinbiochemistry,andhencearcofsmallscale.Theirapplicationtothelargerscaleoperationsimpliedbygeneticengineeringisspeculative・Theequip
6、mentwhichisusedisnotdesignedforbiotechnology・使胞内产物释放出來一般需要破碎细胞壁,这也是这一章的主题。细胞破碎的方法在牛•物化学领域中得到了很广泛的运用,但多数在小规模生产中,在大规模生产尤其是基因工程中应用极少。Inthischapter,wcbeginbyreviewingthestructureofthecellwall.Wcthenconsiderthemethodsforcellrupturemostlikelytobeusefillatlargerscales・Thesemethods,listedinT
7、able、areconvenientlysplitintotwogroups,describedas"chemicaland"mechanical.55Inthechemicalmethodsdetailedin,thecellmembraneismpturedbyosmoticpressure,dissolvedbydetergents,orenfeebledbyorganicsolvents・Thesechemicalcasesareoftengentlesothattheproductsarenotirreversiblydenaturedevenwhil
8、ethecellsarc