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1、羊水、胎儿异常庞战军副教授、副主任医师南方医院妇产科第十四章羊水量异常第一节羊水过多妊娠期羊水量超过2000ml者,称羊水过多(polyhydramnios)。发生率0.5-1%。分为急性和慢性。Hydramnios,sometimescalledpolyhydramnios,isanexcessivequantityofamnionicfluid.Normally,thevolumeofamnionicfluidincreasestoabout1liter,orsomewhatmore,by36weeksbutdecreasesthereafter
2、.Postterm,theremaybeonlyafewhundredmlorevenless.Somewhatarbitrarily,morethan2000mlofamnionicfluidisconsideredexcessive,orhydramnios.Inmostinstances,theincreaseinamnionicfluidisgradual,orchronichydramnios.Whenthevolumeincreaseverysuddenly,theuterusmaybecomemarkedlydistendedwithi
3、nafewdays,oracutehydramnios.Thefluidinhydramniosisusuallysimilarinappearanceandcompositiontotheamnionicfluidinnormalconditions.(摘自WILLIAMSOBSTETRICS17THedition)一、病因胎儿畸形:占25%,以神经管畸形和消化道畸形为主。多胎妊娠:以单卵双胎受血胎儿居多。孕妇和胎儿的各种疾病:如糖尿病、ABO或Rh血型不合、妊高征、急性肝炎、严重贫血等。胎盘脐带病变:如胎盘绒毛血管瘤、巨大胎盘、脐带帆状附着等。特
4、发性羊水过多:原因不明,约占1/3。二、诊断临床表现羊水过多的孕妇可出现呼吸困难,不能平卧;急性羊水过多的患者会出现腹部胀痛,憋气,端坐呼吸,甚至发绀。易出现下肢及外阴静脉曲张。产科检查宫高、腹围和体重曲线明显高于相同孕周的孕妇,触诊时皮肤张力大,胎位摸不清,胎心遥远。B超检查羊水指数(amnioticfluidindex,AFI)大于18(20)cm,羊水最大平面大于7(8)cm,提示羊水过多。确诊依据:分娩期流出羊水量总和>2000ml。三、对母儿的影响羊水过多孕妇易并发妊高征、早产、胎膜早破、胎位异常。破膜时易发生胎盘早剥与脐带脱垂。分娩时易合
5、并产后出血。围生儿死亡率为正常的7倍四、处理如合并胎儿畸形,立即引产。人工破膜引产。胎儿尚未成熟,而症状严重孕妇无法忍受,可行羊膜腔穿刺放出羊水,注意放羊水的速度及量,防止胎盘早剥及早产。应用前列腺素合成酶抑制剂。胎儿成熟后,症状严重者,可行引产术。人工破膜时,采用高位破膜,使羊水缓慢流出,以免引起胎盘早剥或脐带脱垂。分娩时注意子宫收缩及产后出血。第二节羊水过少妊娠晚期羊水量少于300ml者,称羊水过少(oligohydramnios)。发生率0.4-4%。羊水量少于50ml,围生儿死亡率高达88%。Insomeinstances,thevolume
6、ofamnionicfluidmayfallbelow300mlandoccasionallybereducedtoonlyafewmlofvisidfluid,thiscalledoligohydramnios.Thecauseofthisconditionisnotcompletelyunderstood.Verysmallamountsofamnionicfluidmaybefoundrelativelyoftenwithpregnanciesthathavecontinuedforweeksbeyondterm.Theriskofcordco
7、mpressionand,inturn,fetaldistressisincreasedastheconsequenceofthescantvolumeoffluid.Oligohydramniosispracticallyalwaysevidentwhenthereiseitherobstructionofthefetalurinarytractorrenalagenesis.Therefore,anuriaalmostcertainlyhasanetiologicroleinsuchcasesofoligohydramnios.(摘自WILLIA
8、MSOBSTETRICS17THedition)一、病因胎儿畸形:泌尿系畸形如肾发育不全、输尿管或尿道闭锁、