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1、*TypesofsecondarypredicationMonica-AlexandrinaIrimiaUniversityofTorontoThispaperfocusesonadjectivalsecondarypredicatesandarguesthattheyarefunctionalprojectionsofasecondarypredicate(SP)categoryrealizedastwomajorvarieties:DEPfordepictives(andotherSPsassociatedwiththede
2、pictive)andRESforresultatives.Thesefunctionalheadsareeachsemanticallyspecifiedtotemporallylinkthestatedenotedbytheadjectivetoanevent(Pylkkänen2002,Kratzer2004).ThepresentanalysisassumesthatthehostNPisbase-generatedasanargumentoftheadjectiveandendsupoccupyingthespecif
3、ierpositionofthesecondarypredicatephrase(SP-P).BasedonHornstein’s(2001)movementanalysisofControl,thespecifieroftheSP-Pmovesintoaθ-position(seealsoGrebenyova2005andMarušičetal.2003).Thesyntacticandsemanticdistributionofsecondarypredicatessupporttwoconfigurations:synta
4、ctically-dependentSP-Ps(depictivesandresultatives)aremergedascomplementsofV;syntactically-independentSP-Ps(circumstantialsandabsolutes)areadjoinedtoVP.1.IntroductionSecondarypredicatesarepervasiveinlanguagesaroundtheworld.Howevertheirstructureisstillunderdebateinthec
5、urrentlinguisticanalysis(Chomsky1981,Stowell1981,Rothstein1983,Roberts1988,CarrierandRandall1992,Koizumi1994,Bowers2001,etc.).Thegeneralapproachistodifferentiatedepictivesfromresultativesnotonlysemantically,butalsobytheirsyntacticcharacteristics:depictivesareanalyzed
6、asadjunctphrasesmergedatthelevelofVPiftheyrefertodirectobjectsandtothelevelofvPiftheymodifytheexternalargument;resultatives,incontrast,arecomplementsmergedtotheVlayer.ThispaperelaboratesonempiricalobservationsfromAlbanianandSlavicandRomancelanguages,wheredepictivesfo
7、rmatightconstituentwiththenountheymodify(theirhost),andproposesthatbothdepictiveandresultativephrasesaremergedascomplementstoV.Therealadjunctsarethecircumstantialsandabsolutes;theybehavesyntacticallyindependent,astheycaneasilymovetodifferentpositionsintheclause.Thest
8、ructureofthepaperisasfollows:section2showsthat,asopposedtoEnglishwhichdoesnotallowindirectobjectsandDPsinsidePP-hosteddepictives,in
