Lecture Notes in Statistics and Research Methods

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1、LectureNotesinStatisticsandResearchMethodsPSYCHOL2004:DoingResearchinPsychologyDanielNavarroUniversityofAdelaideMarch8,2011AWORDONSTATISTICSbyWislawaSzymborska(trans.JoannaTrzeciak)Outofeveryhundredpeople,Harmlessalone,turningsavageincrowds:Thosewhoalwaysknowbetter:m

2、orethanhalf,forsure.fifty-two.CruelUnsureofeverystep:whenforcedbycircumstances:almostalltherest.it’sbetternottoknow,notevenapproximately.Readytohelp,ifitdoesn’ttakelong:Wiseinhindsight:forty-nine.notmanymorethanwiseinforesight.Alwaysgood,becausetheycannotbeotherwise:G

3、ettingnothingoutoflifeexceptthings:four–well,maybefive.thirty(thoughIwouldliketobewrong).Abletoadmirewithoutenvy:eighteen.Balledupinpainandwithoutaflashlightinthedark:Ledtoerroreighty-three,soonerorlater.byyouth(whichpasses):sixty,plusorminus.Thosewhoarejust:quiteafew,

4、thirty-five.Thosenottobemessedwith:four-and-forty.Butifittakesefforttounderstand:three.Livinginconstantfearofsomeoneorsomething:Worthyofempathy:seventy-seven.ninety-nine.Capableofhappiness:Mortal:twenty-some-oddatmost.onehundredoutofonehundred–afigurethathasnevervariedy

5、et.TableofContents1Preliminaries11.1What’sthestorywithtextbooks?................11.2Assessablecontentversusoptionalcontent...........31.3HowmuchmathsdoIneedtoknow?..............41.4Structureofthiscourse.....................42WhydoweLearnStatisticsandResearchMethods?6

6、2.1Whydopsychologicalresearch?.................62.2Onthepsychologyofstatistics.................82.3ThecautionarytaleofSimpson’sparadox...........122.4Statisticsinpsychology.....................162.5Statisticsineverydaylife....................202.6There’smoretothiscla

7、ssthanstatistics!...........213ABriefIntroductiontoResearchDesign233.1Introductiontopsychologicalmeasurement..........233.2Scalesofmeasurement......................273.3Assessingthereliabilityofameasurement...........333.4The“role”ofvariables:predictorsandoutcomes...

8、....343.5Experimentalandnon-experimentalresearch.........363.6Assessingthevalidityofastudy................383.7Confounds,artifactsa