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1、1.1.History1.1.1.UNIXInordertounderstandthepopularityofLinux,weneedtotravelbackintime,about30yearsago...Imaginecomputersasbigashouses,evenstadiums.Whilethesizesofthosecomputersposedsubstantialproblems,therewasonethingthatmadethisevenworse:everycomputerhadadifferentoperatingsyst
2、em.Softwarewasalwayscustomizedtoserveaspecificpurpose,andsoftwareforonegivensystemdidn'trunonanothersystem.Beingabletoworkwithonesystemdidn'tautomaticallymeanthatyoucouldworkwithanother.Itwasdifficult,bothfortheusersandthesystemadministrators.Computerswereextremelyexpensivethen
3、,andsacrificeshadtobemadeevenaftertheoriginalpurchasejusttogettheuserstounderstandhowtheyworked.ThetotalcostofITwasenormous.Technologicallytheworldwasnotquitethatadvanced,sotheyhadtolivewiththesizeforanotherdecade.In1969,ateamofdevelopersintheBellLabslaboratoriesstartedworkingo
4、nasolutionforthesoftwareproblem,toaddressthesecompatibilityissues.Theydevelopedanewoperatingsystem,whichwassimpleandelegantwrittenintheCprogramminglanguageinsteadofinassemblycodeabletorecyclecode.TheBellLabsdevelopersnamedtheirproject"UNIX."Thecoderecyclingfeatureswereveryimpor
5、tant.Untilthen,allcommerciallyavailablecomputersystemswerewritteninacodespecificallydevelopedforonesystem.UNIXontheotherhandneededonlyasmallpieceofthatspecialcode,whichisnowcommonlynamedthekernel.Thiskernelistheonlypieceofcodethatneedstobeadaptedforeveryspecificsystemandformsth
6、ebaseoftheUNIXsystem.Theoperatingsystemandallotherfunctionswerebuiltaroundthiskernelandwritteninahigherprogramminglanguage,C.ThislanguagewasespeciallydevelopedforcreatingtheUNIXsystem.Usingthisnewtechnique,itwasmucheasiertodevelopanoperatingsystemthatcouldrunonmanydifferenttype
7、sofhardware.Thesoftwarevendorswerequicktoadapt,sincetheycouldselltentimesmoresoftwarealmosteffortlessly.Weirdnewsituationscameinexistence:imagineforinstancecomputersfromdifferentvendorscommunicatinginthesamenetwork,orusersworkingondifferentsystemswithouttheneedforextraeducation
8、touseanothercomputer.UNIXdidagreatdealtohelpusersbecom
