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1、2004年英语专八试卷真题及答案PARTⅠLISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONSECTIONATALKLanguageisusedfordoingthings.Peopleuseitineverydayconversationfortransactingbusiness,planningmealsandvacations,debatingpolitics,andgossiping.Teachersuseitforinstructingstudents,andcomediansuseitf
2、oramusingaudiences.Alltheseareinstancesoflanguageuse-thatisactivitiesinwhichpeopledothingswithlanguage.Aswecansee,languageuseisreallyaformofjointaction.Whatisjointaction?Ithinkitisanactionthatiscarriedoutbyagroupofpeopledoingthingsincoordinationwithe
3、achother.Assimpleexamples,thinkoftwopeoplewaltzing,orplayingapianoduet.Whentwodancerswaltz,theyeachmovearoundtheballroominaspecialway.Butwaltzingisdifferentfromthesumoftheirindividualactions.Canyouimaginethesetwodancersdoingthesamesteps,butinseparate
4、rooms,oratseparatetimes?Sowaltzingis,infact,thejointactionthatemergesasthetwodancersdotheirindividualstepsincoordination,asacouple.Similarly,doingthingswithlanguageisalsodifferentfromthesumofthespeakerspeakingandthelistenerlistening.Itisthejointactio
5、nthatemergeswhenspeakersandlisteners,orwritersandreaders,performtheirindividualactionsincoordination,asensembles.Therefore,wecansaythatlanguageuseincorporatesbothindividualandsocialprocesses.Speakersandlisteners,writersandreaders,mustcarryoutactionsa
6、sindividuals,iftheyaretosucceedintheiruseoflanguage.ButtheymustalsoworktogetherasparticipantsinthesocialunitsIhavecalledensembles.IntheexampleImentionedjustnow,thetwodancersperformbothindividualactions,movingtheirbodies,arms,andlegs,andjointactions,c
7、oordinatingthesemovements,astheycreatethewaltz.Inthepast,languageusehasbeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyanindividualprocess.Andithasalsobeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyasocialprocess.Forme,Isuggestthatitbelongstoboth.Wecannothopetounderstandlanguageusewitho
8、utviewingitasjointactionsbuiltonindividualactions.Inordertoexplainhowalltheseactionswork,I'dliketoreviewbrieflysettingsoflanguageuse.Bysettings,Imeanthesceneinwhichlanguageusetakesplace,plusthemedium-whichreferstowhetherlanguageuseisspokenorwritten.A