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1、.TheevolutionofdesigninShakerfurnitureJeanM.BurksShakerfurnituredesignwasnotstatic,evolvedduringtheeighteenth,nineteenth,andeventwentiethcenturies.InthepastagreatdealofattentionhasbeenfocusedontheclassicShakerfurnitureproducedfromabout1820to1850--atimeofintensereligiousr
2、enewalwhentheBelieverswereisolatedfromtheworld.Theso-calledstylisticdeclineinthefurnitureproducedaftertheCivilWarhasbeenattributedtoabreakdowninorthodoxyamongthefaithful,accordingtoonepopulartheory.[1]Thisviewholdsthatforsakingthesimplelifeforworldlydisplaywasaresultofin
3、ternaldisintegration,acceleratedbyincreasedcontactwiththeworld.Insteadofparingdownworldlyfashion,theShakersappliedhistorical-revivalmotifstosimpleforms(seeFig.3).Perhapsthisopinionreflectstoocloselythetwentieth-centurybiasagainstlatenineteenth-centurytasteaswellasthecurr
4、entpreferenceformodernisminan,architecture,andindustrialdesign.[2]AmoreplausibleexplanationforthetransformationofShakerdesignrecognizesthatthesectwasextremelyprogressiveandconcernedaboutitsimage,whichseemeduncomfortablyold-fashionedasthenineteenthcenturyadvanced.Thiswasf
5、elttobeimpedingconversionsandcomplicatingbusinessrelationships.Inthislight,botharchitecturalmodificationstoexistingstructuresandthedesignofinteriorfurnishingscanbeviewedasconsciouseffortstokeeppacewiththeworldbypresentingamodemfacetopotentialconvertsandbusinessacquaintan
6、ces.ThetheoryissupportedbyBrotherOliverHampton(1817-1901)ofUnionVillage,Ohio,whowrotein1887:Forms,fashions,customs,externalrulesallhavetobowtothefiatofevolutionandprogresstowardthatwhichismoreperfect.ThisneednotalarmthemostconservativeBeliever.Forunlesswekeeppacewiththep
7、rogressoftheuniverseourindividualprogresswillbeimpossibility.Weshallbewhirledoffatsomesidestationandrelegatedtothelimboofwornout--superannuatedandused-upinstitutions.[2]In1904,EldressAnnaWhite(1831-1910)theMountLebanoncommunityinNewYorkStatewrote:TheShakermaychangehissty
8、leofcoat,mayalterthecutofhergownorceasetowearacap,andnoharmbedone.Vitalharmmaybedonebyretainingeither,m
