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1、ARBITRARINESSINNATURE:SYNERGETICSANDEVOLUTIONARYLAWSOFPROHIBITIONHERMANNHAKENandHELENAKNYAZEVASUMMARY.Thephilosophicalconsequencesofsynergetics,theinterdisciplinarytheoryofevolutionandself-organizationofcomplexsystems,arebeingdrawninthepaper.Theideaofdiscretenessofevolutionarypath
2、sisinthefocusofattention.Althoughthefutureisopen,andtherearemanyalternativeevolutionarypathsforcomplexsystems,notanyarbitrary(eitherconceivableordesirable)evolutionarypathisfeasibleinagivensystem.Therearediscretespectraofpossibleevolutionarypathswhicharedeterminedexclusivelybyinne
3、rpropertiesofthecorrespondingsystems.Synergeticsallowsustorevealgenerallawsofself-organizationand,therefore,certainlimitsofarbitrarinessofnatureinchoosingpossiblepathsofevolutionaswellasinconstructingofacomplexevolutionarywhole.Acomparativeanalysisbetweenthemodernsynergeticnotions
4、andafewideasoftheWest-ernphilosophy(F.Nietzsche,N.Hartmann,M.Heidegger)andoftheEasternteachings(Taoism,Buddhism)ismade.Keywords:complexsystems,evolution,nonlinearity,pre-determination,self-organization,softmanagement,structure-attractors,synergetics1.INTRODUCTION.SYNERGETICSASAMOD
5、ERNMULTIDISCIPLINARYRESEARCHPROGRAMSynergeticscanbeconsideredasoneofthemodern,mostpromisingre-searchprograms.Itisorientedtowardsthesearchforcommonpatternsofevolutionandself-organizationofcomplexsystemsofanykind,regardlessoftheconcretenatureoftheirelementsorsubsystems.Synergeticsis
6、aninterdisciplinary,ormultidisciplinary,theorybyitsnature.Thetheorymightbeusedasageneralmethodologicaltool.Thenon-linearevolutionarymodelsdevelopedinsynergeticscanbeappliedtotheunderstandingofhumancognitiveandculturalactivitiesaswellastothemanagementofcomplexsocialprocesses.Duetos
7、ynergeticssomebridgesbetweenthenaturalsciencesandthehumanitiesmaybeconstructed,andsomebasisforcross-disciplinarycommunicationmaybeelaborated.JournalforGeneralPhilosophyofScience31:57–73,2000.©2000KluwerAcademicPublishers.PrintedintheNetherlands.58HERMANNHAKENANDHELENAKNYAZEVAThede
8、velopmentofsynergeticsentailsdeep
