Costello ANAGPIC[1] 哈佛大学研究中国古代铜镜

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1、SusanD.CostelloHarvardUniversityAnInvestigationofEarlyChineseBronzeMirrorsattheHarvardUniversityArtMuseumsAbstractMirrorshavebeenusedinChinasinceancienttimesforbothpracticalandspiritualpurposes.Thousandsofexamplesoftheseearlybronzemirrorshavebeenexcavatedandcanbefoundincollec

2、tionsworldwide.ThisstudyfocusesontheWinthropcollectionofChinesebronzemirrors,whichweredonatedtotheHarvardUniversityArtMuseumsin1943.Thecollectionconsistsofforty-fourmirrorsdatingfromtheZhouDynasty’sSpringandAutumnPeriod(771-476B.C.)totheTangDynasty(618-906).Therehasbeenlittle

3、previousscientificexaminationoftheseobjects,andthispaperpresentstheinitialresultsofasurveytodeterminetheircomposition,manufacturingtechnology,conditionandtheextentofpreviousrestorations.Theprimaryscientificmethodsemployedincludedetailedexaminationwithbinocularmicroscopyandult

4、ra-violetlight,x-rayfluorescence(XRF),x-radiography,Ramanspectroscopy,scanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andFouriertransforminfraredanalysis(FTIR).1.IntroductionIn1943,theHarvardUniversityArtMuseums(HUAM)receiveditslargestsinglebequestofworksofartthfromanalumnus,GrenvilleL.Winthr

5、op.Theapproximately3,700objectsincluded19centuryFrench,BritishandAmericanpaintingsanddrawings,OldMasterpaintings,decorativeart,PeruviangoldandearlyAsianart.WinthropacquiredmostofhisAsianworksofartfromgalleriesinNewYorkCity,relyingprimarilyonYamanakaandCompanyandonC.T.LooandCo

6、mpany(Mowry1996).WinthropcollectedancientChineseritualbronzevessels,jades,ceremonialweapons,inlaidchariotfittings,silvervessels,earlyBuddhistsculptureandbronzebellsandmirrors.Themirrorswereprimarilypurchasedduringthe1930’s,andtheirexaminationprovidedauniqueopportunitytostudyt

7、heobjectsofonecollectorandtoobservetheaesthetictastesofhisgeneration.2.Background2.1BronzeinAncientChinaBronzecastingtechnologyhasbeenknowninChinasinceatleast2750B.C.,whichistheearliestknownbronzeobjecttodate(Shoukang1986).BronzewasacorecomponentoftheancientChineseworldCostel

8、lo,ANAGPIC2005Paper2becauseitwascasttoservetheprincipleaffairsofthes