Bringing individuals back in-the effects of career experience on new firm founding

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1、IndustrialandCorporateChange,Volume12,Number3,pp.519–543Bringingindividualsbackin:theeffectsofcareerexperienceonnewfirmfoundingScottShaneandRakeshKhuranaBecauseofmethodologicalandtheoreticalobstacles,researchonorganizationalfoundingshaslargelyfocusedo

2、nsocietalandpopulation-levelexplanations.Thispapertakestheviewthatunderstandingfirmfoundingsalsorequireslinkingtoindividual-levelprocesses.Wesuggestthatcareersareanimportantmechanismlinkingindividual-levelprocessestofirmfoundings.Thefirm-foundingexper

3、ienceofpotentialfoundersimpactsorganizationalfoundingsbyinfluencingexpecta-tionsoftheliabilityofnewness.WetestourexplanationonthesetofinventionspatentedbytheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyovertheperiod1980–1996byexaminingtheeffectofinventors’career

4、experiencesonthelikelihoodthataninventionwillbecommercializedthroughthefoundingofaneworganization.1.IntroductionOrganizationscholarshavelongbeeninterestedinexaminingthefactorsthatinfluencefirmfoundings.Consideredfromthesocietallevel,generalfactorssuch

5、asliteracy,specializedschooling,urbanizationandamoneybasedeconomyarearguedtoaffectasociety’scapacitytodevelopandsupportneworganizations(Stinchcombe,1965).Morerecentworkspecifiestheroleofecologicalfactors,suchasthenatureoftechnologicalchange(NelsonandW

6、inter,1982)andthedynamicsoforganizationalpopulations(HannanandFreeman,1984),ininfluencingfirmfoundings.Whileconsiderableinsightshavebeengeneratedfromexaminingtherelationshipbetweenthesemacro-levelfactorsandfirmfoundings,inquiryonthistopichasbeenlimite

7、dinitsabilitytoincorporatelowerlevelsofanalysisinexplanationsforthisphenomenon.Onereasonforthelackofresearchontheselower-levelfactorsisthattheabsenceofanorganizationpriortofoundingmakesitimpossibletouseorganizationalattributestoexplainfoundings.Moreov

8、er,sampleselectionissuesplagueeffortstoprovideindividual-levelexplanations.Researchersdonotgenerallyobservenon-entrepreneursinthesamedecision-makingsettingasentrepreneurs.1Thedifficultyoffindingnon-entrepreneurswhoarecomparablewithentrepreneur