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1、Source:StandardHandbookforCivilEngineersLarsChristianF.Ingerslev,ArthurG.BendeliusParsonsBrinckerhoff20NewYork,NewYorkTUNNELENGINEERINGunnelengineeringmakespossiblemanyotherrequirementsforthetunnelmustfirstbevitalunderwaterandundergrounddefined.GeologicalandenvironmentaldatamustTfacilities.Un
2、iquedesignandconstruc-thenbecollected.Criticaldesignloadingcon-tiontechniquesareinvolvedbecauseofditionsmustthenbeestablished,includingthenecessityofprotectingtheconstructorsandacceptableconditionsofthetunnelfollowingusersofthesefacilitiesfromalienenvironments.extremeevents(forexample,howlo
3、ngbeforetheThesefacilitiesmustbebuilttoexcludethetunnelisreusable).Appropriateconstructionmaterialsthroughwhichtheypass,includingmethodsarethenevaluatedtodeterminethemostwater.Often,theyhavetowithstandhighappropriatetomeettheestablishedcriteria,pressures.Andwhenusedfortransportationorcondit
4、ions,andcost.Themethodsunderconsider-humanoccupancy,tunnelsmustprovideadequateationshouldincludebothtemporaryandperma-lightingandasafeatmosphere,withmeansfornentexcavationsupportsystemsaswellastheremovingpollutants.structuresitself.DesignstandardsandcodesofTunnelsareconstructedusingmanymeth
5、ods,practiceapplyprimarilytoabove-groundstruc-dependinguponthekindofsoiland/orrocktures,sothatcareshouldbeusedintheirthroughwhichtheywillpass,theirsize,howdeepapplicationtoundergroundandunderwatertheyneedtobe,andtheobstructionsthatmaybestructures.encounteredalongtheroute.Thesemethodsinclude
6、cut-and-coverconstruction,drillandblast,tunnelboringmachine(TBM),immersionofprefabricatedtunnels,andsequentialexcavationmethods(SEM).Morespecializedmethods,suchas20.1Glossarygroundfreezingandtunneljacking,areusedlessAdit.Ashort,transversetunnelbetweenparallelfrequentlyandoftenunderverydiffic
7、ultcon-tunnelsortothefaceoftheslopeinasidehillditions.Compressedairworkinghasbecometunnel.uneconomicalbecauseofworkinghourrestric-AirLock.Acompartmentinwhichairpressuretions,timefordecompressionthatresultsfromcanbevariedbetweenthatofthecompressedairhighw
