17-Acids and Bases

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1、Chemistry140Fall2002Chapter17:AcidsandBasesContents17-1TheArrheniusTheory:ABriefReview17-2Brønsted-LowryTheoryofAcidsandBases17-3TheSelf-IonizationofWaterandthepHScale17-4StrongAcidsandStrongBases17-5WeakAcidsandWeakBases17-6PolyproticAcids17-7IonsasAcidsandBases17-8MolecularStructureandA

2、cid-BaseBehavior17-9LewisAcidsandBasesFocusOnAcidRain.Slide2of651Chemistry140Fall200217-1TheArrheniusTheory:ABriefReviewHOHCl(g)→2H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)HONaOH(s)→2Na+(aq)+OH-(aq)Na+(aq)+OH-(aq)+H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)→H2O(l)+Na+(aq)+Cl-(aq)H+(aq)+OH-(aq)→H2O(l)ArrheniustheorydidnothandlenonOH-basessuchasa

3、mmoniaverywell.Slide3of6517-2Brønsted-LowryTheoryofAcidsandBases•Anacidisaprotondonor.酸:凡能提供质子（proton）的任何分子或离子•Abaseisaprotonacceptor.碱：凡能够与质子化合（或接受质子）的分子或离子•acid-basereaction:inanacid-basereaction,aprotonistransferredfromanacidtoabase：酸碱反应：质子在两对共轭酸碱对之间的转移acidbaseHB(aq)+A-(aq)＝HA(aq)+B-(a

4、q)H+Slide4of652Chemistry140Fall2002Brønsted-LowryTheoryofAcidsandBasesacidbasegategatebaseacidconjuconjuNH3+H2O¾NH4++OH-NH4++OH-¾NH3+H2OacidbaseSlide5of65Brønsted-LowryTheoryofAcidsandBasesacidconjugatebase¾H++酸和碱可以是中性分子Slide6of653Chemistry140Fall2002Brønsted-LowryTheoryofAcidsandBasesaci

5、dconjugatebase¾H++酸和碱也可以是离子Slide7of65Brønsted-LowryTheoryofAcidsandBasesacidconjugatebase¾H++amphiprotic.同一物质,在不同的酸碱对中,有时可做酸,有时又可做碱Slide8of654Chemistry140Fall2002说明:a.酸和碱可以是中性分子，也可以是阴、阳离子。b.amphiprotic.c.质子理论中没有盐的概念HB(aq)+A-(aq)＝HA(aq)+B-(aq)H+Slide9of65BaseIonizationConstant(碱常数)baseacid

6、ConjugateacidConjugatebaseNH3+H2O¾NH4++OH-[NH+][OH-]4Kc=[NH3][H2O][NH+][OH-]K=K[HO]=4=1.8×10-5bc2[NH3]Slide10of655Chemistry140Fall2002AcidIonizationConstant(酸常数)acidbaseConjugatebaseConjugateacidCH3CO2H+H2O¾CH3CO2-+H3O+[CH3CO2-][H3O+]Kc=[CH3CO2H][H2O][CH3CO2-][H3O+]Ka==Kc[H2O]=1.8×10-5[CH

7、3CO2H]Slide11of65Table17.1RelativeStrengthsofSomeBrønsted-LowryAcidsandBases反应方向：酸1(强)+碱2(强)¾碱1(弱)+酸2(弱)HCl+OH-¾Cl-+H2ONH4++CO32-¾NH3+HCO3-HClO4+H2O¾ClO4-+H3O+H2O+I-¾OH-+HISlide12of656Chemistry140Fall200217-3TheSelf-IonizationofWaterandthepHScale（水的自偶电离，pH）Slide13of