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1、Downloadedfromhttp://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/onAugust11,2018Proc.R.Soc.B(2010)277,399406doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1664Publishedonline21October2009Post-glacialredistributionandshiftsinproductivityofgiantkelpforestsMichaelH.Graham1,*,BrianP.Kinlan2,†andRichardK.Grosberg31MossLandingMarineLaborat
2、ories,8272MossLandingRoad,MossLanding,CA95039,USA2DepartmentofEcology,EvolutionandMarineBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,CA93106-9610,USA3CenterforPopulationBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA95616,USAQuaternaryglacialinterglacialcyclescreatelastingbiogeographic,demographicandgeneti
3、ceffectsonecosystems,yettheecologicaleffectsoficeagesonbenthicmarinecommunitiesareunknown.Weana-lysedlong-termdatasetstodevelopaniche-basedmodelofsouthernCaliforniangiantkelp(Macrocystispyrifera)forestdistributionasafunctionofoceanographyandgeomorphology,andsynthesizedpalaeo-oceanographicrecordsto
4、showthatlateQuaternaryclimatechangeprobablydrovehighmillennialvariabilityinthedistributionandproductivityofthisfoundationspecies.Ourpredictionssuggestthatkelpforestbiomassincreaseduptothreefoldfromtheglacialmaximumtothemid-Holocene,thenrapidlydeclinedby4070percenttopresentlevels.Thepeakinkelpfores
5、tproductivitywouldhavecoincidedwiththeearliestcoastalarchaeologicalsitesintheNewWorld.SimilarlateQuaternarychangesinkelpforestdistributionandproductivityprobablyoccurredincoastalupwellingsystemsalongactivecontinentalmarginsworldwide,whichwouldhaveresultedincomplexshiftsintherelativeproductivityoft
6、errestrialandmarinecomponentsofcoastalecosystems.Keywords:palaeoecology;giantkelp;Macrocystispyrifera;productivity;holocene;temperatereefs1.INTRODUCTION(Dayton1985).TheroleofkelpsasfoundationspeciesDuringglacialinterglacialtransitions,thedistributionofisespeciallyapparentalongthenortheastPacificcoa
7、stalhabitat-formingterrestrialplantsrespondsdirectlytomarginwherediversekelpforestsdominatenearshorechangesinglaciation,globalairtemperatures,ariditymarinesystems(Graham2004).IntheSouthernCalifor-andatmosphericco
