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1、Developingaconceptualmodelforexploringemergence1,22DianeMMcDonaldandGeorgeRSWeir12InformationResourcesDirectorate,ComputerandInformationSciencesUniversityofStrathclydeD.McDonald@strath.ac.uk,George.Weir@cis.strath.ac.uk1.CurrentperspectivesonemergenceEm
2、ergenceisafundamentalpropertyofcomplexsystemsandcanbethoughtofasanewpropertyorbehaviourwhichappearsduetonon-linearinteractionswithinthesystem;emergencemaybeconsideredtobethe‘product’orby-productofthesystem.Forexample,withinsocialsystems,socialcapital,th
3、eWorldWideWeb,lawandindeedcivilizationingeneralmaybeconsideredemergent,althoughallwithindifferenttimescales.Asourworldbecomesincreasinglymoreinterconnected,understandinghowemergencearisesandhowtodesignforandmanagespecifictypesofemergenceisevermoreimport
4、ant.Todate,theconceptofemergencehasbeenmainlyusedasanexplanatoryframework(asusedbyJohnson2001),toinformthelogicofactionresearch(Mitleton-Kelly2004)orasameansofexploringtherangeofemergentpotentialofsimulationofrealcomplexsystems(Axelrod2003).Ifwearetoimp
5、roveourabilitytomanageandcontrolemergence,weneedfirsttodirectlystudythephenomenonofemergence,itscausesandconsequencesacrossrealcomplexsystems.Theinformaldefinitionaboveisindicativeofthecurrentlevelofunderstandingofemergence.Despiteavastrangeofaccountsin
6、theliterature(e.g.Holland1998;Kauffman2000;Johnson2001;Strogatz2003;Fromm2004;Crutchfield1993;Bedau1997,2002;Shalizi2001;Kubik2003),thereisnoagreeddefinition,letalonetheory,ofhowemergencearises.Muchoftheconfusionstemsfromdifferencesinvocabularyandperspe
7、ctivesacrossdisciplines–emergencehasbeenvariouslydescribedaseventswhicharesurprising,theresultofnon-lineardynamics,novelty,hierarchyandtheproductofevolution.Whilesomeformalmodelsofemergencebasedongrammars(Kubik2003)orcomputationalmechanics(Crutchfield19
8、93)doexist,themostcommonconceptwhendiscussingemergenceisthatofAgent-BasedModelling(ABM)(Casti1997;Holland1998;Epstein1999).ABMaimstoreplicatethecomplexnatureofphysical,biologicalandsocialsystemswhichadaptovertimeformingComplex2Ad
