The Parliament of Britain

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1、TheParliamentExplanationTheword"parliament"comesfrom"toparley"andwasfirstofficiallyusedin1236.Parliamentreferstothegatheringoffeudalbarons(封建地主)andrepresentativesfromcountiesandtowns.ThekingsummonedParliamentifhewantedtoraisemoney.HistoryIntheMiddleAges,

2、theGreatCouncil,agatheringofbarons,offeredextramoneyfortheking.Bythe13thCentury,theGreatCouncilwaswidened,includingfedualbarons(theHouseofLords)andrepresentativesofcommunities(theHouseofCommons).TwohousesexisttodayandwecallthemtheParliament.TwoHousesinth

3、e19thcenturyTheBillofRights(权利法案)BackgroundTheCommonsquicklygainedinpoliticalstrengthandwantedanincreasingsay.In1407,HenryIVdecreedthatallmoneygrantsshouldbeconsideredbytheCommonsbeforetheLords.Bythe15thcentury,theCommonsacquiredlaw-makingpowers,whichhad

4、belongedonlytotheKingandhisCouncillors.ProcessadisputeoverthepowerofthekingandPailiament(root)→thecivilwartheRoundheadscametopowerinthe17thcentury→JamesIandCharlesIreassertedtheirdivinerightaskings→civilwar→CharlesIwasexecutedin1649CharlesI'ssonwasrestor

5、edtothethroneasCharlesIIby1660→JamesIItriedtogovernwithouttheconsentofParliamentJamesICharlesILeadingpoliticiansandchurchauthoritiesaskedWilliamofOrangetoreplacehim→Williampromisedthathewoulddeclaregoverningwithoutparliamentaryconsenttobeillegal.EndJames

6、ranawayandWilliamtookover→in1689,theBilloftheRightspassedJamesIIWilliamofOrangeNowaday'sParliamentFunctionsandRoleItpasseslaws.Itprovidesthemeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernment.Itscrutinise(详细检查)governmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditure.Parliamentiss

7、upremeItalonehasthepowertochangethetermsoftheConstitution.NolegalrestraintsuponParliament.ParliamentandMonarchyTheParliamentconsistsoftheQueen,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.TheMonarchyisregardedasaseparateinstitution.Theconsenttopassalawisgivenasam

8、atterofcourse.