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1、Industrialism:ProgressorDecline?EnglandwastheinauguratoroftheIndustrialRevolutionandreacheditssummitinthe19thcentury.Tremendouschange:technicalinnovations(railways,telegraph,internationalcableandphotography)andurbanization.Wehavebeenliving,asitwere,thelifeofthreehundredyearsinthirty.--Thoma
2、sArnold1.Celebration…theEnglishhavebecome“thegreatestandmosthighlycivilizedpeoplethatevertheworldsaw,…havecarriedeverymechanicalart,everymanufacture,everythingthatpromotestheconvenienceoflife,toaperfectionwhichourancestorswouldhavethoughtmagical.----ThomasMacaulayHistoryofEngland2.Rejection
3、ofthechangeasacurseThedifferencebetweentheextremewealthandthedirepovertyledmanythinkerstoviewtheIndustrialRevolutionasacurse.TheMechanicalAgeandasenseofalienationManyVictorianssufferedfromasenseofbeingalienatedbytechnologicalchanges.ThomasCarlyleandJohnRuskinlamentedthelossofthetraditionalr
4、hythmoflifeandthetraditionalpatternsofhumanrelationship.Werewerequiredtocharacterizethisageofoursbyansingleepithet,weshouldbetemptedtocallit,notanHeroical,Devotional,Philosophical,orMoralAge,butallothers,theMechanicalAge.……TheSignsofTimes《时代的特征》GeorgeEliotaddressedherselftothedebateofProgre
5、ssinTheMillontheFlossandMiddlemarch.ThomasHardyhintedathispositionwithhislife-longobsessionwithtraditionsintherurallandscapeofWessex.ContemporaryscholarsfindtheVictorianperiodacomplexexampleofasocietystrugglingwiththeissuesweidentifyasmodernism.对于进步的推敲是十九世纪英国小说的最强音，小说从不同侧面探索了农业文明向工业文明转型期的思想
6、危机和情感困境，表达了“尚未进入史书的、压迫在人们心头的复杂体验”。EmpireandNationalIdentityEngland’sprosperityledtoitsglobalexpansion.Bytheendofthecentury,nearlyone-quarteroftheearth’slandsurfacewaspartoftheEmpire.(Sun-Never-Set-Empire:WestIndies,Africa,Asia,Australia,Canada,etc.)Tojustifytheimperialexpansion,QueenVictori
7、astatedthattheempirewasto“protectthepoornativesandadvancecivilization”.Consequently,manyEnglishsawtheexpansionasa“noblemission”.The“noblemission”developedanationalidentitywithasenseofprideintheEnglishnationas“themostcivilizedpeople.”GayatriSpivakinsistst
