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1、JournalofUrbanEconomicsxxx(2015)xxxxxxContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectJournalofUrbanEconomicswww.elsevier.com/locate/jueCityseeds:GeographyandtheoriginsoftheEuropeancitysystema,b,⇑bMaartenBosker,EltjoBuringhaErasmusUniversityofRotterdam,CEPR,TheTinbergenInstitute,TheNetherlandsbUtrechtUniversi
2、ty,TheNetherlandsarticleinfoabstractArticlehistory:Citiesarethefocalpointsoftheworldeconomy.Thispapershedsnewempiricallightontheirorigins.Received20December2013Usinganewdatasetcoveringover250,000randomlyselectedpotentialcitylocations,andallactualcitiesRevised23August2015duringtheperiod8001800,wedis
3、entanglethedifferentrolesofgeographyinshapingtodaysEuropeanAvailableonlinexxxxcitysystem.Wefindthatalocationsphysicalgeographycharacteristicsarethedominantdeterminantsofitsurbanchances.Preferentiallocationforwater-orland-basedtransportationisaparticularlyimportantJELclassification:cityseed.Inaddition
4、,alocationspositionrelativetoalready-existingcitiesmattersforitsurbanchances.N93Interestingly,itdoessoinawaycorrespondingtopredictionsfromeconomicgeographytheory.O18Ó2015ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.R10Keywords:CityoriginsEconomicgeographyEuropeInamoreadvancedera,whenbettermethodswouldpermitmanFra
5、nceandGermany.Onethousandyearslater,citieshave1toconquerNature[...],itwoulddoubtlesshavebeenpossibletoappearedalloverthecontinent.buildtownsanywherethespiritofenterpriseandthequestofgainTheriseofthecityintheEuropeanlandscapeisimportantformightsuggestasite.Butitwasquiteanothermatterinaperiodseveralr
6、easons.Throughouthistory,citieshavebeentheimportantwhensocietyhadnotyetacquiredenoughvigortoriseabovethelocifortechnologicalinnovation,institutionalprogress,(interna-physicalconditionsinthemidstofwhichitdeveloped.[...]thetional)trade,politicalpower,andculture(Pirenne,1925;Glaeser,townsoftheMiddleAg
7、eswereaphenomenondeterminedasmuch2011).Also,citiesaregenerallymoreproductiveplaces.Theconcen-byphysicalsurroundingsasthecourseofriversisdeterminedbytrationofmanypeoplee.g.allowsforagreaterdegreeofspecializa
