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1、UsingParallelStructuresandFixingSentenceProblemsInthischapter,youwilllearntouseparallelstructuretoaddsymmetryandstyletoyoursentences.Youwillalsolearntorecognizeandrepaircommonsentenceproblems:fragments,run-ons,commasplices,choppy,andstringysentences.
2、ParallelismisanimportantelementinEnglishwriting,especiallywhenyouarelistingandcomparingandcontrastingitemsorideas.Parallelismmeansthateachiteminalistorcomparisonfollowsthesamegrammaticalpattern.Ifyouarewritingalistandthefirstiteminyourlistisanoun,wri
3、teallthefollowingitemsasnounsalso.Ifthefirstitemisan-ingword,makealltheothers-ingwords;ifitisanadverbclause,makealltheothersadverbclauses.Intheexamplesthatfollow,thesentencesinthecolumnontherightfollowtheruleofparallelism.NotparallelparallelMyEnglish
4、conversationclassismadeupofChinese,Spaniards,andsomearefromBosnia.Theteacherwantedtoknowwhichcountrywecamefromandourfuturegoals.Thestudentswhodowellattendclass,theydotheirhomework,andpracticespeakinginEnglish.Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheevenin
5、gclassesarethesameasthedayclasses.MyEnglishconversationclassismadeupofChinese,Spaniards,andBosnians.(Theitemsareallnouns.)Theteacherwantedtoknowwhichcountrywecamefromandwhatourfuturegoalswere.(Theitemsarebothnounclauses.)Thestudentswhodowellattendcla
6、ss,dotheirhomework,andpracticespeakinginEnglish.(Theitemsareallverbs+complements.)Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheeveningclassesarethesameasthelanguageskillsofthestudentsinthedayclasses.(Theitemsarebothnounphrases.)1.Youmaysubstituteapronounforthe
7、second"thelanguageskills"inthelastexample:Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheeveningclassesarethesameasthoseofthestudentsinthedayclasses.2.Allthewordsinthefirstitemdonotalwayshavetoberepeatedinthesecond.Youmayrepeatallorsomeofthewords,dependingonwhat
8、youwishtoemphasize.Thefollowingsentencesarebothcorrect:10Beforeyouwriteapaperorbeforeyoutakeatest,youmustorganizeyourthoughts.Beforeyouwriteapaperortakeatest,youmustorganizeyourthoughts.ParallelismWithCoordinators:And,Or,ButWords,phrases,andclausesth