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1、BasicConceptsinModalLogic1EdwardN.ZaltaCenterfortheStudyofLanguageandInformationStanfordUniversityTableofContentsPrefaceChapter1{Introductionx1:ABriefHistoryofModalLogicx2:Kripke'sFormulationofModalLogicChapter2{TheLanguageChapter3{SemanticsandModelTheo
2、ryx1:Models,Truth,andValidityx2:TautologiesAreValidx2:TautologiesAreValid(Alternative)x3:ValiditiesandInvaliditiesx4:ValidityWithRespecttoaClassofModelsx5:ValidityandInvalidityWithRepecttoaClassx6:PreservingValidityandTruthChapter4{LogicandProofTheoryx1
3、:RulesofInferencex2:ModalLogicsandTheoremhoodx3:Deducibilityx4:ConsistentandMaximal-ConsistentSetsofFormulasx5:NormalLogicsx6:NormalLogicsandMaximal-ConsistentSetsChapter5{SoundnessandCompletenessx1:Soundnessx2:CompletenessChapter6{Quanti edModalLogicx1
4、:Language,Semantics,andLogicx2:Kripke'sSemanticalConsiderationsonModalLogicx3:ModalLogicandaDistinguishedActualWorld1Copyrightc1995,byEdwardN.Zalta.Allrightsreserved.1PrefaceThesenoteswerecomposedwhileteachingaclassatStanfordandstudy-ingtheworkofBrianCh
5、ellas(ModalLogic:AnIntroduction,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1980),RobertGoldblatt(LogicsofTimeandComputation,Stanford:CSLI,1987),GeorgeHughesandMaxCresswell(AnIntroductiontoModalLogic,London:Methuen,1968;ACompan-iontoModalLogic,London:Methuen,198
6、4),andE.J.Lemmon(AnIntroductiontoModalLogic,Oxford:Blackwell,1977).TheChellastextinfluencedmethemost,thoughtheorderofpresentationisinspiredmorebyGoldblatt.2Mygoalwastowriteatextfordedicatedundergraduateswithnopreviousexperienceinmodallogic.Thetexthadtome
7、etthefollowingdesiderata:(1)thelevelofdicultyshoulddependonhowmuchthestudenttriestoproveonhisorherown
8、itshouldbeaneasytextforthosewholookupalltheproofsintheappendix,yetmoredicultforthosewhotrytoproveeverythingthemselves;(2)philosophers(i.e.,colleagues
9、)withabasictraininginlogicshouldbeabletoworkthroughthetextontheirown;(3)graduatestudentsshould nditusefulinpreparingforagraduatecourseinmodallogic;(4)thetextshouldpreparepeopleforreadingadvancedtextsinmodallogic,suchasGoldblatt,C
