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1、ARTICLEINPRESSInternationalJournalofRockMechanics&MiningSciences40(2003)975–989Anoverviewofrockstressmeasurementmethodsa,abcC.Ljunggren*,YantingChang,T.Janson,R.ChristianssonaSwedPowerAB,SwedenbGolderAssociatesAB,SwedencSvenskKarnbr.anslehanteringAB,Sweden.Accepted20July2003
2、AbstractThispaperpresentsanoverviewofmethodsthathavebeenusedtoestimatethestateofstressinrockmasses,withtheemphasisonmethodsapplicabletohardrocksandScandinavia.Rockstressisadifficultquantitytoestimatebecausetherockstressmeasuringtechniquesconsistofperturbingtherock,measuringdi
3、splacementsorhydraulicparameters,andconvertingthemeasuredquantitiesintorockstresses.Therearetwomaintypesofmethod:thosethatdisturbtheinsiturockconditions,i.e.byinducingstrains,deformationsorcrackopeningpressures;andthosethatarebasedonobservationofrockbehaviourwithoutanymajori
4、nfluencefromthemeasuringmethod.Themostcommonmethodsarebrieflydescribedincludingtheirapplicationareasandlimitingfactors.r2003ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.Introductiononwhichmethodtoapply.Thepaperdiscussesbothdirectmeasurementmethods,e.g.hydraulicfracturingThispaperfocusesont
5、hemethodsforrockstressandovercoring,aswellasindicativemethods,suchasmeasurementwiththeemphasisonhardrock.Itiscorediscing.Thepaperdistinguishesbetweenmethodsknownthatthereliabilityofrockstressmeasurements/applicablefromthegroundsurfaceandmethodstobeestimationsispartiallydepen
6、dentonthemeasuringusedwhenthereisundergroundaccess,recognizingthattechniqueandequipment,andpartiallydependentonsomemethodscanbepractisedfromboththegroundthenatureofrockmasses;alargeamountofliteraturesurfaceandviaundergroundaccess.existsonthesubjectofrockstressandthesefactors
7、.OneItmustbeemphasisedthatengineeringandsafetyrelativelyrecentcompilationofinformationisthe1997issuesshouldgoverntherockstressmeasurementbookbyAmadeiandStephansson[1].Theso-calledprocess.Therockstressinformationmayberequired‘scaleeffects’havebeenstudiedintensivelyinrecentfor
8、thefollowingengineeringaspects,eitherdirectlyoryearsandareviewofthisaspecta
