Geoffrey Chaucer

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1、GeoffreyChaucerca.1343--1400SocialBackgroundMedievalsocietywasmadeupofthree‘estates’Bythelate14thC,thesebasiccategorieswerelayeredintocomplex,interrelatedandunstablesocialstrataChaucer’slifeandhisworks,espTheCanterburyTaleswasprofoundlyinfluencedbytheseforces.OverseasIn

2、sperationdirectcontactwithItalianRenaissance.WriterslikeDante,Petrarch,Boccacciopresentedhimwithnewverseforms,newsubjectmatter,andnewmodesofpresentation.ConsolationofPhilosophyAmoralandreligiousworkbyBoethiusafavouritebookfortheMiddleAgesChaucer’sArtLongbeforeTheCanterb

3、uryTales,Chaucer’swritingswerealreadymanyfacetedMoreover,differentelementsarelikelytomixinthesameworkThisChauceriancomplexityowesmuchtothewiderangeofChaucer’slearningandhisexposuretonewliterarycurrentsontheContinentbutperhapsevenmoretohisspecialsocialpositionasacivilser

4、vant.TheCanterburyTalesTheoriginalplanprojectedabout120stories.Only22werecompleted.Theprilgrimnarratorsrepresentawidespectrumofranksandoccupations.InsomeTalesthereisafascinatingaccordbetweenthenarratorsandtheirstories。TheGeneralPrologueMostofthedetailsgivesomethingmoret

5、hanmereverisimilitudetothedescription.WhatuniquelydistinguishesChaucer’sprologuefromconventionalestatessatireisthesuppressioninallbutafewinstancesofovertmoraljudgement.EDMUNDSPENSER1552-1599CrucialPointsofLife*ThegreatestnondramaticpoetoftheElizabethanera.*Hebecameacqua

6、intedwithSirPhilipSidneyandhisfriendSirEdwardDyer.4TheShepheardesCalender*The12ecloguesofTheShepheardesCalenderaretitledforthemonthoftheyear.Eachisprefacedbyanillustrativewoodcutrepresentingthecharactersorthemeandpicturingtheappropriatesignofthezodiacforthatmonthinthecl

7、oudsabove.*TheecloguewasaclassicalformpractisedbyVirgilandothers,itpresents,usuindialoguebetweenshepherds,themoodsandfeelingsandattitudesofthesimple,rurallife.Butoftentheecloguecriticizestheworldasitisagainsttheidealizedpastoralworld.SoasinotherRenaissancepoets,theeclog

8、ueattimesbecameadidacticorsatiricalcommentoncontemporaryaffairs.*InTheShepheardesCalender,Spenserusedadelibera