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1、GROUNDWATERMGROUNDWATERMODELLINGGROUNDWATERMODELLINGODELLINGODELLINGMicheleVurroCNR-IRSA,Bari,ItalyThehydrologicalcycleThefigurebelowshowsaschematicdescriptionofhydrologicalcycle:Where:SR=surfacerunoff,E=evaporation,ET=evapotranspiration,I=infiltrati
2、on,RF=returnflow,N=naturalreplenishment.Theunsaturatedzone,indicatedbytheorangecoloreddomain.Thesaturatedzone,indicatedbythegray-bluecoloreddomain.Thesearethezonesthroughwhichwaterflows,aspartoftheHYDROLOGICALCYCLE,oftencarryingcontaminantsthataretra
3、nsportedwiththewaterfromsourcesatorneargroundsurfacetooutlets,suchasspringsandrivers.Wellspumpfromthesaturatedzoneforvariouspurposes:domesticwatersupply,industryandagriculture.WeshallusethetermSUBSURFACE,whenwewishtorefertoboththesaturatedandtheunsat
4、uratedzones.Groundwaterinthesaturatedzoneisconsideredasanexcellentsourceofgoodqualitywater.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,especiallyinthemoreindustrializedcountries,activitiesatgroundsurfacecreatesourcesofcontaminantsthatfindtheirway,withinfiltr
5、atingwater,totheunderlyingsaturatedzone,pollutingthewaterinit.GROUNDWATERANDMOISTUREDISTRIBUTIONINTHESUBSURFCEClassificationofsubsurfacewaterThesoilisaporousmedium.Aporousmedium(inplural:porousmedia)domainiscomprisedofasolidmatrix,andavoidspace(orpor
6、espace),Thesoilbeneathgroundsurfacemaybedivided,vertically,intoanumberofessentiallyhorizontalzones,accordingtotheproportionofthevoidspacethatisfilledwithwater.You'llnotetwomajorzones:Thesaturatedzoneinwhichtheentirevoidspaceisoccupiedbywater.Theunsat
7、uratedzone(alsoreferredtoasthevadosezone,orzoneofaeration),whereonlypartofthevoidspaceisoccupiedbywater,theremainderbeingoccupiedbyagaseousandpossiblybyanon-aqueousphaseliquid.Thetermgroundwaterhastraditionallybeenusedtodenotewaterinthesaturatedzone.
8、However,withtheincreasedinterestintheunsaturatedzoneinrecentyears,becauseitisoftencontaminatedbyhumanactivitiesabovegroundsurface,thetermhasbeenadoptedalsotorefertoallsubsurfaceliquidwater.Contaminantsaretransporteddownwardthroughtheunsaturatedzoneto
