Education_and_Discipline原文及翻译

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1、EducationandDisciplineBetrandRussellAnyseriouseducationaltheorymustconsistoftwoparts：aconceptionoftheendsoflife，andascienceofpsychologicaldynamics，i.e.，ofthelawsofmentalchange.Twomenwhodifferastotheendsoflifecannothopetoagreeabouteducation.Theeducationalmachine，through

2、outWesterncivilization，isdominatedbytwoethicaltheories：thatofChristianity，andthatofnationalism.Thesetwo，whentakenseriously，areincompatible，asisbecomingevidentinGermany.Formypart，Iholdthatwheretheydiffer，Christianityispreferable，butwheretheyagree，botharemistaken.Theconc

3、eptionwhichIshouldsubstituteasthepurposeofeducationiscivilization，atermwhich，asImeantit，hasadefinitionwhichispartlyindividual，partlysocial.Itconsists，intheindividual，ofbothintellectualandmoralqualities：intellectually，acertainminimumofgeneralknowledge，technicalskillinon

4、e'sownprofession，andahabitofformingopinionsonevidence；morally，ofimpartiality，kindliness，andamodicumofself-control.Ishouldaddaqualitywhichisneithermoralnorintellectual，butperhapsphysiological：zestandjoyoflife.Incommunities，civilizationdemandsrespectforlaw，justiceasbetwe

5、enmanandman，purposesnotinvolvingpermanentinjurytoanysectionofthehumanrace，andintelligentadaptationofmeanstoends.　　Ifthesearetobethepurposeofeducation，itisaquestionforthescienceofpsychologytoconsiderwhatcanbedonetowardsrealizingthem，and，inparticular，whatdegreeoffreedomi

6、slikelytoprovemosteffective.　　Onthequestionoffreedomineducationthereareatpresentthreemainschoolsofthought，derivingpartlyfromdifferencesastoendsandpartlyfromdifferencesinpsychologicaltheory.Therearethosewhosaythatchildrenshouldbecompletelyfree，howeverbadtheymaybe；therea

7、rethosewhosaytheyshouldbecompletelysubjecttoauthority，howevergoodtheymaybe；andtherearethosewhosaytheyshouldbefree，butinspiteoffreedomtheyshouldbealwaysgood.Thislastpartyislargerthanithasanylogicalrighttobe；Children，likeadults，willnotallbevirtuousiftheyareallfree.Thebel

8、iefthatlibertywillinsuremoralperfectionisarelicofRousseauism，andwouldnotsurviveastudyofanimalsandbabies.Thosewhoholdt