Argument李延隆笔记

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1、ArgumentHowtowritetheintroduction1.复述结论（照搬原文，除非原文结论很长）C2.简要复述论据和假设（简介概括1~2句）E3.指出作者论述过程中存在的缺陷（承上启下）FP192T149(1)Thearguer/speaker/author/writer/titlelInevitablylAutomaticallylNecessitylCause(贬义词，造成不好的影响)lBethemain/leadingcauseof….lBeresponsiblefor…..(贬义词)lTrigger/spark/precipitate(贬义词，小错误导致大结果)

2、(2)造成结果lResultin…lBringabout…lAccountfor…lContributeto…lPlayapartin…lGiveriseto…（3）归因于：lAttribute/ascribe(结果)…to(原因)…lPut(结果)…downto(原因)…（4）“声称”lrecommend/conclude/claim/assert/state/contend/maintainlAllege(贬义词，声称坏事属实)lSpecious似是而非的（贬义词）lParadoxical似非而是的“建议”recommend/suggest/advise/advocate/pr

3、opose“对未来现象的预言”predict/foretell/forecast/foreseeProject/expect/anticipate注意：针对性的词汇比通用性强的词汇好。开头段的变化和调整：1.改变顺序CEFàECFàFEC（C:conclusionE:evidenceF:faulse）2.简化或省略evidence3.合并（1）（EC）FlInthisargument,thearguercitestheevidencethat…toreachtheconclusionthat…(CE)lBycitingtheevidencethat…thearguerconclud

4、esthat…(EC)(2)E(CF)参考：P1866分满分作文开头段4.添加让步（C’=concede让步）(1)C’(CF)/(C’C)EFAccept/agree/concedethat…Appeartobeconvincing/isnotwithoutmerits（貌似有说服力）＋Tosupport/justifytheclaim/conclusion,thearguerpointoutthat…＋However/Nonetheless/Nevertheless,…(2)EC(C’F)Itistruethat/admittedly/Granted,…but...注意：Gra

5、ntedthat(=though)…(后面不能有but)(3)CE(C’F)²做练习：题库，练习写开头段。P3讲义Ø论据问题1.调查类问题lSurvey/poll/statistics/study/research/report/census…l样本(随机)：数量&质量l样本调查三部曲：a)分子群体subgroupb)确定比例c)随机取样A.选择性样本（SelectiveSample）E.g.P137193à讲义P8分析1.选择性样本错误(1)Theresultofthesurveylackscredibility…调查结果缺乏可信度(2)原因+结果原因：a.becausemany

6、teachersinothersubjectsarenotinclude./becausethearguerfailstoconsider/includeteachersinothersubjects.作者没有考虑到其他学科的老师。b.besides,thearguerreliesonstatisticsfromonlytwodistrictsSanleeandMarlee,whichareinalllikelihood/probabilitynotrepresentativeofthestate’sdistrictsoverall.研究对象只包含两个地区，不全面，缺乏普遍性。结果

7、：thus/thereforecouldnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.2.因果关系错误（cause-fallacies）注：mistakeà事实错误fallaciesà逻辑错误à在作文中使用ThearguerfailstheestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenA(homeworkfrequency)andB(studentperformance)3.草率推广à无关概念结论