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1、Etiquette(礼仪) Theoriginsofetiquette—theconventionalrulesofbehaviorandceremoniesobservedinpolitesociety—arecomplex.Oneofthemisrespectforauthority.Fromthemostprimitivetimes,subjects(臣民)showedrespectfortheirrulerbybowing,prostratingthemselvesontheground,notspeakinguntilspokento,andneverturningtheirb
2、ackstothethrone.Somerulersdevelopedrulestostressevenfurthertherespectduetothem.TheemperorsofByzantiumexpectedtheirsubjectstokisstheirfeet.Whenanambassadorfromabroadwasintroduced,hehadtotouchthegroundbeforethethronewithhisforehead.Meanwhilethethroneitselfwasraisedintheairsothat,onlookingup,theambas
3、sadorsawtherulerfarabovehim,haughtyandremote. Absoluterulershave,asarule,madeetiquettemorecomplicatedratherthansimpler.Thepurposeisnotonlytomaketherulerseemalmostgodlike,butalsotoprotecthimfromfamiliarity,forwithoutsomesuchprotectionhislife,livedinevitablyinthepubliceye,wouldbeintolerable.Thecour
4、tofLouisXIVofFranceprovidedanexcellentexampleofaveryhighlydevelopedsystemofetiquette.BecausethekingandhisfamilywereconsideredtobelongtoFrance,theywerealmostcontinuallyonshowamongtheircourtiers(朝臣).Theywoke,prayed,washedanddressedbeforecrowdsofcourtiers.Evenlargecrowdswatchedthemeattheirmeals,andac
5、cesstotheirpalacewasfreetoalltheirsubjects. Yetthispubliclifewasorganizedsocarefully,withsucharefinementofceremonial,thattheauthorityoftheKingandtherespectinwhichhewasheldgrewsteadilythroughouthislifetime.Acrowdwatchedhimdress,butonlytheDukewhowashisfirstvaletdechamber(贴身男仆)wasallowedtoholdoutthe
6、rightsleeveofhisshirt,onlythePrincewhowashisGrandChamberlaincouldrelievehimofhisdressinggown,andonlytheMasteroftheWardrobemighthelphimpulluphistrousers.Thesewerenotfamiliarities,normerelyduties,buthighlydesiredprivileges.Napoleonrecognizedthevalueofceremonytoaruler.WhenhebecameEmperor,hediscardedt
7、herevolutionarycustomofcallingeveryone"citizen",restoredmuchoftheCourtceremonialthattheRevolutionhaddestroyed,andrecalledmembersofthenobilitytoinstructhisnewcourtintheoldformalmanners. Rulesofetiquettemayprevent
