曼哈顿FOV笔记

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1、曼哈顿FoV.CR笔记目录1.AllabouttheArgument1Soundargumentvs.validargument1OntheGMAT2Thearguer’sjobandyourjob2Listofthetwelveflaws2Detailsofthetwelveflaws3A.UnjustifiedAssumptions3B.CausationErrors4C.ComparisonErrors5D.MathErrors6E.CommunicationErrors7Findthegapsinarguments72.Decodingt

2、heQuestionStemandStratege81.AllabouttheArgumentSoundargumentvs.validargumentEverycompleteargumenthastwocomponentswrittendownonpaper:•Premises—supportingstatements•Conclusion—themainpointorbiggestclaimoftheargumentAsoundargumentissuccessfuloneverylevel:thepremisesaretrue,andth

3、econclusionlogicallyfollowsfromthepremises.Whenaconclusionfollowslogicallyfromtruepremises,thatconclusionisthereforetrue.Avalidargumentisoneinwhichtheconclusionfollowslogicallyfromthepremises—butthepremisesmayormaynotbetrue.Inavalidargument,ifthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclus

4、ionwillalsobetrue.Inagood,validargument,thepremisesleadtotheconclusioninadirectway.Theyprovideenoughevidencetoguaranteethetruthoftheconclusion(whichisoccasionallyimpliedratherthanstatedexplicitly).9OntheGMATWhilesoundnessisthegoalinreal-lifereasoning,GMATquestionstendtobemore

5、aboutvalidity.So,ontheGMAT,avoidchallengingthetruthofthepremisesthemselves.Focusonwhethertheargumentisvalid.Thearguer’sjobandyourjobPeople’sbrainsaredesignedtomakeconnectionsandtogobeyondthearguer’sconclusion.OntheGMAT,however,youshouldnotethespeaker’sconclusionprecisely.It’s

6、thejobofthearguertoprovehisorhercasetoyoubybuildingasoundargumentbackedbyappropriateevidence.Yourjobissimplytorecognizeflawsandomissions.ListofthetwelveflawsTheseflawsoverlapsomewhat;itdoesn’treallymatter.Thisisn’tafullcourseinformallogic.What’smoreimportantisthatyouunderstan

7、dthetypicalversionofeachflaw.Thisway,youcanspotanyofthemonthetest.A.UnjustifiedAssumptions1.AssumesSharedBeliefs2.DrawsExtremeConclusion3.AssumesSkilland/orWill4.UsesVagueorAlteredTerms5.AssumesSignsofaThing=ThingItselfB.CausationErrors–1.causaloversimplification6.MixesupCorr

8、elationandCausation7.AssumestheFuture=thePast–4.allthingsareequal8.A