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1、Unit4Corpusannotation4.1IntroductionCorpusannotationiscloselyrelatedtocorpusmarkup.Oneimportantreasonforusingcorporainlinguisticresearchistoextractlinguisticinformationpresentinthosecorpora.Butitisoftenthecasethatinordertoextractsuchinformationfromacorpus,alingui
2、sticanalysismustfirstbeencodedinthecorpus.Theprocessof‘addingsuchinterpretative,linguisticinformationtoanelectroniccorpusofspokenand/orwrittenlanguagedata’isreferredtoascorpusannotation(Leech1997a:2).Corpusannotationaddsvaluetoacorpusinthatitconsiderablyextendsth
3、erangeofresearchquestionsthatacorpuscanreadilyaddress.Whilecorpusannotationdefinedinabroadsensemayrefertotheencodingofbothtextual/contextualinformationandinterpretativelinguisticanalysis,asshownbytheconflationofthetwooftenfoundintheliterature,thetermisusedinanarr
4、owsensehere,referringsolelytotheencodingoflinguisticanalysessuchaspart-of-speech(POS)taggingandsyntacticparsinginacorpustext.Corpusannotation,asusedinanarrowsense,isfundamentallydistinctfromcorpusmarkupasdiscussedinunit3.Corpusmarkupprovidesrelativelyobjectivelyv
5、erifiableinformationregardingthecomponentsofacorpusandthetextualstructureofeachtext.Incontrast,corpusannotationisconcernedwithinterpretativelinguisticinformation.‘Bycallingannotation“interpretative”,wesignalthatannotationis,atleastinsomedegree,theproductofthehuma
6、nmind’sunderstandingofthetext’(Leech1997a:2).Forexample,thepart-of-speechofawordmaybeambiguousandhenceismorereadilydefinedascorpusannotationthancorpusmarkup.Ontheotherhand,thesexofaspeakerorwriterisnormallyobjectivelyverifiableandassuchisamatterofmarkup,notannota
7、tion.Thisunitwillfirstdiscusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcorpusannotation.Followingthisisadiscussionofhowcorpusannotationisachieved.Wewillthenintroducethemostcommonlyusedtypesofcorpusannotation.Finallywewillbrieflyreviewstand-alonecorpusannotation,asproposedby
8、theCorpusEncodingStandard(CES,seeunit3.3).4.2Corpusannotation=addedvalueLikecorpusmarkup,annotationaddsvaluetoacorpus.Leech(1997a:2)maintainsthatcorpusannotati
