肌肉骨骼系统受力分析

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1、1.7脊柱的静力学问题1、脊柱的特点颈椎1~7cervicalvertebrae胸椎1~12thoracicvertebrae脊椎腰椎1~5lumbarvertebrae骶骨sacral尾骨coccygeal作用：保护脊髓，支撑头、颈和上部躯干由多个从合关节(amphiarthrodialjionts)构成，整体来看具有杵臼关节的特点2、寰枕关节与寰枢关节寰枕关节atlantooccipitaljoint寰椎cervicalvertebraei.e.atlas枕骨髁（两个）condyloidoccipital允许前、后与侧向的摆动i.e.insagittalfrontalplanes寰枢

2、关节atlantoaxial寰椎枢椎齿突odontoidprocess柱状关节，允许水平面上的转动transversalplane相关骨骼肌头部肌群头颈肌群竖脊肌群腰肌腹部肌群3.相关的骨骼肌头部肌肉起点止点功能头夹肌Spleniuscapitus下部颈椎和上部胸椎Spinesofupperthoracicvertebrae乳突后侧和上项线Backofmastoidprocessandsuperiornuchalline使头部伸、旋转和侧弯胸锁乳突肌Sternoclei-domastoid胸骨柄前，锁骨上侧端twoheadsfrommanubriumanduppersurfaceofcl

3、avicle乳突和上项线外侧1/3outersurfaceofmastoidprocessandlateral1/3ofsuperiornuchalline旋转、侧弯头颈，提胸骨及肋骨支配头部运动的其他肌群4.舌骨上肌群和舌骨下肌群功能：提升及沉降舌骨suprahyoidmusclesandinfrahyoidmuscles5.肩胛提肌Levatorscapulae(aswehaveknown)6.腹部肌群腹外斜肌ExternalobliqueOutersurfaceoflower8ribs髂脊和白线Passesdownandmediallytoiliaccrestandlineaalb

4、aFlexandlaterallyflexlumbarvertebrae(弯腰和侧弯腰)；compressabdomentoexpelcontents;(压缩腹部协助排便)obliquesaremainrotatorsoflumbarspine（腰椎）腹内斜肌Internaloblique胸腰筋膜、髂脊Thoracolumbarfascia,iliaccrestPassesupandmediallytolower3ribsandlineaalba腹横肌Transversusabdominis下6条肋内面、胸腰筋膜、髂脊、腹股沟韧带外侧Deeponcostal(肋)cartilages,i

5、lliaccrestandinguinal（腹股沟）ligament腹直肌外侧缘变为腱膜止于白线Aponeurosis(腱膜)ofinternalintercostal腹直肌Rectusabdominus耻骨结合线，耻骨脊Pubicsymphysisandpubiccrest剑突和第5～7肋软骨SternumandlowercostalcartilagesFlexlumbarspine,compressabdomen7.竖脊肌erectorspinaemuscles一组肌群包括：棘肌spinalis胸最长肌longissimusthoracis头最长肌longissimuscapitus

6、髂肋肌iliocostalis起点：骶骨背面，髂脊后部止点：椎骨，肋骨，枕骨伸展，旋转以及侧弯脊柱该肌群的具体起止点位置请参照手册头半棘肌SemispinaliscapitusC3-7及T1-6横突Transverseprocessesoflower4cervicalandupper6thoracicvertebrae枕骨上下项线间，斜方肌深面BetweensuperiorandinferiornuchallinesonskullExtend,rotate,andlaterallyflexvertebralcolumn颈半棘肌SemispinaliscervicisArticularpr

7、ocesses(关节突)oflowercervicalvertebraeandtransverseprocessesofupperT.vertebraeSpans(横跨)3to6vertebraeandinsertsofspinesofcervicalvertebrae8.头颈肌腰方肌Quadratuslumborum髂脊和底部腰椎的横突Iliaccrestandtransverseprocessesoflowerlumbarver