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1、?dotivationandEmotion,Vol.10,No.2,1986ANewPan-CulturalFacialExpressionofEmotion1PaulEkman2andWallaceV.FriesenUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscoWeobtainedthefirstevidenceofafacialexpressionuniquetocontempt.Contrarytoourprediction,thiscontemptexpressionwasnotculture-specificbutwasrecognizedbypeoplein
2、EstoniaS.S.R.,Germany,Greece,HongKong,Italy,Japan,Scotland,Turkey,theUnitedStates,andWestSumatra.Pan-culturalagreementaboutthecontemptexpressionwasashighashasbeenfoundpreviouslyforotheremotions.Evidencethatpeopleinwidelydivergentculturesagreeintheirinterpreta-tionoffacialexpressionsofemotion,obtaine
3、d15yearsago(Ekman,Soren-son,&Friesen,1969;Izard,1971),wasatleastpartlyresponsibleforthereawakenedinterestinemotion.Thediscoveryofsomeuniversalexpressionschallengedthethenpredominantviewthatfacialexpressionisdeterminedtotallybysocialfactors(Birdwhistell,1970),showingthatitisnecessarytoconsiderbiologi
4、calfactorsaswell(seeEkman,1973,forareviewofbothsidesoftheargument).Whilemanynowarebeginningtoexamineemotion,thereissomecon-fusionaboutexactlywhatisbeinginvestigated.Thereisnoagreementforexample,abouthowmanyemotionsthereare,oraboutwhatcriteriashouldbeemployedtodistinguishemotionsformoods,emotionaltra
5、its,oremo-tionaldisorders.We(Ekman,1984;Ekman,Friesen,&Simons,1985)recentlyproposedthatemotionscanbedistinguishedfromtheseotheraffective1Wearegratefultoourcollaborators,AnthonyChan,KarIHeider,RainerKrause,RolfKuschel,AyhanLeCompte,TomPitcairn,PioRicci-Bitti,KlausScherer,MasatoshiTomita,AthanaseTzava
6、ras,ArnoldUpmeyer,andJaanValsiner;toMaureenO'Sullivanforcommentsonthisreport.PaulEkman'sworkissupportedbyaResearchScientistAward(MH06092)fromtheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth.2AddressallcorrespondencetoPaulEkman,HumanInteractionLaboratory,UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,401ParnassusAvenue,SanFr
7、ancisco,California94143.1590146-7239/86/0600-0159505.00/0©1986PlenumPublishingCorporation160EkmanandFriesenphenomenabyvirtueoftheirsignalcharacteristics.Forsixemotions--anger,fear,surprise,sadness,dis
