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1、COGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGY7,573-605(1975)FamilyResemblances:StudiesintheInternalStructureofCategoriesELEANORROSCHANDCAROLYNB.MERVISUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleySixexperimentsexploredthehypothesisthatthemembersofcategorieswhichareconsideredmostprototypicalarethosewithmostattributesincommonwitho
2、thermembersofthecategoryandleastattributesincommonwithothercat-egories.Inprobabilisticterms,thehypothesisisthatprototypicalityisafunctionofthetotalcuevalidityoftheattributesofitems.InExperiments1and3,sub-jectslistedattributesformembersofsemanticcategorieswhichhadbeenpre-viouslyratedfordeg
3、reeofprototypicality.Highpositivecorrelationswereob-tainedbetweenthoseratingsandtheextentofdistributionofanitemsattributesamongtheotheritemsofthecategory.InExperiments2and4,subjectslistedsu-perordinatesofcategorymembersandlistedattributesofmembersofcontrastingcategories.Negativecorrelatio
4、nswereobtainedbetweenprototypicalityandsu-perordinatesotherthanthecategoryinquestionandbetweenprototypicalityandanitemspossessionofattributespossessedbymembersofcontrastingcat-egories.Experiments5and6usedartificialcategoriesandshowedthatfamilyresemblancewithincategoriesandlackofoverlapofe
5、lementswithcontrastingcategorieswerecorrelatedwitheaseoflearning,reactiontimeinidentifyinganitemafterlearning,andratingofprototypicalityofanitem.Itisarguedthatfam-ilyresemblanceoffersanalternativetocriterialfeaturesindefiningcategories.Asspeakersofourlanguageandmembersofourculture,weknowt
6、hatachairisamorereasonableexemplarofthecategoryfurniturethanaradio,andthatsomechairsfitourideaorimageofachairbetterthanothers.However,whendescribingcategoriesanalytically,mosttradi-tionsofthoughthavetreatedcategorymembershipasadigital,all-or-nonephenomenon.Thatis,muchworkinphilosophy,psyc
7、hology,linguistics,andanthropologyassumesthatcategoriesarelogicalboundedentities,membershipinwhichisdefinedbyanitemsposses-Thisresearchwassupportedbygrantstothefirstauthor(underherformernameEleanorRoschHeider)bytheNationalScienceFoundation(GB-38245X),bytheGrantFound
