Family_resemblances_Studies_in_the_internal_structure_of_categories

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时间:2019-08-01

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1、COGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGY7,573-605(1975)FamilyResemblances:StudiesintheInternalStructureofCategoriesELEANORROSCHANDCAROLYNB.MERVISUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleySixexperimentsexploredthehypothesisthatthemembersofcategorieswhichareconsideredmostprototypicalarethosewithmostattributesincommonwitho

2、thermembersofthecategoryandleastattributesincommonwithothercat-egories.Inprobabilisticterms,thehypothesisisthatprototypicalityisafunctionofthetotalcuevalidityoftheattributesofitems.InExperiments1and3,sub-jectslistedattributesformembersofsemanticcategorieswhichhadbeenpre-viouslyratedfordeg

3、reeofprototypicality.Highpositivecorrelationswereob-tainedbetweenthoseratingsandtheextentofdistributionofanitemsattributesamongtheotheritemsofthecategory.InExperiments2and4,subjectslistedsu-perordinatesofcategorymembersandlistedattributesofmembersofcontrastingcategories.Negativecorrelatio

4、nswereobtainedbetweenprototypicalityandsu-perordinatesotherthanthecategoryinquestionandbetweenprototypicalityandanitemspossessionofattributespossessedbymembersofcontrastingcat-egories.Experiments5and6usedartificialcategoriesandshowedthatfamilyresemblancewithincategoriesandlackofoverlapofe

5、lementswithcontrastingcategorieswerecorrelatedwitheaseoflearning,reactiontimeinidentifyinganitemafterlearning,andratingofprototypicalityofanitem.Itisarguedthatfam-ilyresemblanceoffersanalternativetocriterialfeaturesindefiningcategories.Asspeakersofourlanguageandmembersofourculture,weknowt

6、hatachairisamorereasonableexemplarofthecategoryfurniturethanaradio,andthatsomechairsfitourideaorimageofachairbetterthanothers.However,whendescribingcategoriesanalytically,mosttradi-tionsofthoughthavetreatedcategorymembershipasadigital,all-or-nonephenomenon.Thatis,muchworkinphilosophy,psyc

7、hology,linguistics,andanthropologyassumesthatcategoriesarelogicalboundedentities,membershipinwhichisdefinedbyanitemsposses-Thisresearchwassupportedbygrantstothefirstauthor(underherformernameEleanorRoschHeider)bytheNationalScienceFoundation(GB-38245X),bytheGrantFound

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《Family_resemblances_Studies_in_the_internal_structure_of_categories》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库

1、COGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGY7,573-605(1975)FamilyResemblances:StudiesintheInternalStructureofCategoriesELEANORROSCHANDCAROLYNB.MERVISUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleySixexperimentsexploredthehypothesisthatthemembersofcategorieswhichareconsideredmostprototypicalarethosewithmostattributesincommonwitho

2、thermembersofthecategoryandleastattributesincommonwithothercat-egories.Inprobabilisticterms,thehypothesisisthatprototypicalityisafunctionofthetotalcuevalidityoftheattributesofitems.InExperiments1and3,sub-jectslistedattributesformembersofsemanticcategorieswhichhadbeenpre-viouslyratedfordeg

3、reeofprototypicality.Highpositivecorrelationswereob-tainedbetweenthoseratingsandtheextentofdistributionofanitemsattributesamongtheotheritemsofthecategory.InExperiments2and4,subjectslistedsu-perordinatesofcategorymembersandlistedattributesofmembersofcontrastingcategories.Negativecorrelatio

4、nswereobtainedbetweenprototypicalityandsu-perordinatesotherthanthecategoryinquestionandbetweenprototypicalityandanitemspossessionofattributespossessedbymembersofcontrastingcat-egories.Experiments5and6usedartificialcategoriesandshowedthatfamilyresemblancewithincategoriesandlackofoverlapofe

5、lementswithcontrastingcategorieswerecorrelatedwitheaseoflearning,reactiontimeinidentifyinganitemafterlearning,andratingofprototypicalityofanitem.Itisarguedthatfam-ilyresemblanceoffersanalternativetocriterialfeaturesindefiningcategories.Asspeakersofourlanguageandmembersofourculture,weknowt

6、hatachairisamorereasonableexemplarofthecategoryfurniturethanaradio,andthatsomechairsfitourideaorimageofachairbetterthanothers.However,whendescribingcategoriesanalytically,mosttradi-tionsofthoughthavetreatedcategorymembershipasadigital,all-or-nonephenomenon.Thatis,muchworkinphilosophy,psyc

7、hology,linguistics,andanthropologyassumesthatcategoriesarelogicalboundedentities,membershipinwhichisdefinedbyanitemsposses-Thisresearchwassupportedbygrantstothefirstauthor(underherformernameEleanorRoschHeider)bytheNationalScienceFoundation(GB-38245X),bytheGrantFound

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